Quantitative Proteomic Analysis of Cell Cycle of the Dinoflagellate Prorocentrum donghaiense (Dinophyceae)

Abstract

Dinoflagellates are the major causative agents of harmful algal blooms in the coastal zone, which has resulted in adverse effects on the marine ecosystem and public health, and has become a global concern. Knowledge of cell cycle regulation in proliferating cells is essential for understanding bloom dynamics, and so this study compared the protein profiles of Prorocentrum donghaiense at different cell cycle phases and identified differentially expressed proteins using 2-D fluorescence difference gel electrophoresis combined with MALDI-TOF-TOF mass spectrometry. The results showed that the synchronized cells of P. donghaiense completed a cell cycle within 24 hours and cell division was phased with the diurnal cycle. Comparison of the protein profiles at four cell cycle phases (G1, S, early and late G2/M) showed that 53 protein spots altered significantly in abundance. Among them, 41 were identified to be involved in a variety of biological processes, e.g. cell cycle and division, RNA metabolism, protein and amino acid metabolism, energy and carbon metabolism, oxidation-reduction processes, and ABC transport. The periodic expression of these proteins was critical to maintain the proper order and function of the cell cycle. This study, to our knowledge, for the first time revealed the major biological processes occurring at different cell cycle phases which provided new insights into the mechanisms regulating the cell cycle and growth of dinoflagellates.

Transcriptomic Analyses of Scrippsiella trochoidea Reveals Processes Regulating Encystment and Dormancy in the Life Cycle of a Dinoflagellate, with a Particular Attention to the Role of Abscisic Acid

“…Dinoflagellates have been established to follow the typical eukaryotic cell cycle regulation scheme, and the oscillation in the sequential activation and deactivation of CDKs, which is triggered by binding to their specific regulatory subunits (i.e., cyclins), achieve appropriate responses of cell division to intrinsic and extrinsic signals (Wang D. Z. et al, 2013 ). Our data set identified 87 and 57 unigenes encoding the CDK and cyclin family members, respectively, of which 2 putative CDKs exhibited decreased expressions in resting cysts.…”

Comparative Transcriptomic Analysis Reveals Novel Insights into the Adaptive Response of Skeletonema costatum to Changing Ambient Phosphorus

“…Cyclin B is a regulatory protein involved in mitosis and contributes to the switch-like all or none behavior of the cell in deciding to commit to mitosis ( Zhuang et al, 2013 ). CDK-cyclin complexes are present in all eukaryotic lineages and play important roles in regulating the cell cycle and ensuring cell division ( Robbens et al, 2005 ; Wang et al, 2013 ; Zhuang et al, 2013 ). Overexpression of both genes in P-deficient S. costatum suggested that ambient P deficiency disturbed the normal functions of cyclin B and CDK, and subsequently cell division ceased ( Figure 1A ).…”

Proteomic analysis provides new insights into the adaptive response of a dinoflagellate Prorocentrum donghaiense to changing ambient nitrogen

“…Total proteins were extracted following a previously reported protocol (Wang et al . ). Briefly, cells were disrupted with sonication; protein was extracted using TRIzol, chloroform and ethanol and precipitated using isopropanol.…”