Quantitative Saccharification of Wood and Cellulose

Saeman, Jerome F.; Bubl, Janet L.; Harris, Elwin E.

doi:10.1021/i560137a008

Cited by 240 publications

(136 citation statements)

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“…Uronic acids were determined with a carbazole reagent (Galambos 1967) and 0032-0935/82/0156/0270/$ 01.00 protein according to Lowry et al (1951), the standards being glucuronic acid and bovine serum albumin, respectively. For complete analysis of neutral sugars, a hydrolysis with sulphuric acid was carried out as described by Saeman et al (1945). Hydrolysis in 2 M trifluoroacetic acid (TFA) was carried out for 6 h at 100 ~ C (Mankarios et al 1979).…”

Section: Chlorella Fusca Shihira Et Kraus Strain 211-8b Was Obtainedmentioning

confidence: 99%

Composition of the cell wall of Chlorella fusca

Loos

Meindl

1982

Planta

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Abstract. Isolated cell walls o f mature Chlorella fusca consisted of a b o u t 80% carbohydrate, 7% protein, and 13% unidentified material. M a n n o s e and glucose were present in a ratio o f a b o u t 2.7:1 and accounted for most of the carbohydrate. Minor c o m p o n e n t s were glucuronic acid, rhamnose, and traces o f other sugars; galactose was absent. After treatment with 2 M trifluoroacetic acid or with 80% acetic a c i d / H N O 3 (10/1, v/v), a residue with a mannose/glucose ratio of 0.3:1 was obtained, probably representing a structural polysaccharide. A n X-ray diffraction diagram of the walls showed one diffuse reflection at 0.44 n m and no reflections characteristic o f cellulose. Walls from y o u n g cells contained a b o u t 51% carbohydrate, 12% protein, and 37% unidentified material. M a n n o s e and glucose were also the main sugars; their absolute a m o u n t s per wall increased 6-7 fold during cell growth. Walls isolated with omission o f a dodecylsulphate/mercaptoethanol/urea extraction step had a higher protein content and, with y o u n g walls, a significantly higher glucose and fucose content. These data and other published cell wall analyses show a wide variability in cell wall composition o f the members of the genus Chlorella.

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Section: Chlorella Fusca Shihira Et Kraus Strain 211-8b Was Obtainedmentioning

confidence: 99%

Composition of the cell wall of Chlorella fusca

Loos

Meindl

1982

Planta

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“…× 100 Eq. (1) Each sample was hydrolyzed according to the method of Saeman (1945), and the neutral monosaccharide composition was analyzed with high performance anion exchange chromatography (HPAEC) according to Suzuki et al (1995) on a DIONEX DX-500 system equipped with a CarboPac PA-1 column (4 × 250 mm) and pulsed amperometry detector (ED-40) using 1.0 mM NaOH as the elution solvent. Neutral carbohydrate content was determined by the phenolsulfuric acid method (Dubois et al, 1956) using a standard solution containing arabinose, rhamnose, galactose, glucose, xylose and mannose in a ratio determined by HPAEC.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Microwave Heating for Solubilization of Polysaccharide and Polyphenol from Soybean Residue (Okara)

Tsubaki

Nakauchi

Ozaki

et al. 2009

FSTR

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Okara, a soybean by-product of tofu production, was treated with microwave irradiation in water for solubilization of its components. The solubilization rate increased with increasing temperature and reached higher than 70% around 200℃ with a heating time of 7 min. The main solubilized components were neutral carbohydrates consisting of arabinose and galactose, while the residues were mainly composed of cellulose. LV-SEM images confirmed solubilization of cell wall components. Production of new polyphenolic compounds that have antioxidant activity was observed above 180℃. The heating temperature and heating time were optimized for neutral carbohydrate solubilization using the response surface methodology. The optimized condition was heating at 196℃ for 2 min, indicating that a short heating time is effective for solubilization of carbohydrates to prevent secondary decomposition.Keywords: soybean residue, Okara, microwave heating, response surface methodology *To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail: stsubaki@kais.kyoto-u.ac.jp IntroductionOkara (soybean residue) produced following extraction of soymilk from soybean is mainly constituted with dietary fibers accompanied by other substances such as protein and lipids (O'Tool, 1999). As it amounts to 7.0 x 10 5 tons per year in Japan (O'Tool, 1999) and is mostly burnt or dumped into landfills, establishing a utilization process is necessary to prevent possible global warming and environmental pollution. Extraction of its components is one utilization scheme for recycling purposes. Several studies have reported on the extraction of these components, including pectic polysaccharide (Yamaguchi et al., 1996), oil components using supercritical carbon dioxide (Quitain et al., 2006), oligosaccharides by enzymatic digestion (Kasai et al., 2004) and mainly carbohydrates by subcritical-water treatment (Harada et al., 2004). Several treatments have been previously developed for the extraction of components from biomass, such as physical (mechanical comminution and pyrolysis), physico-chemical (steam explosion, ammonia fiber explosion and CO 2 explosion), chemical (ozonolysis, acid hydrolysis, alkaline hydrolysis, oxidative delignification, solvolysis process) and biological treatments (wood rotting fungi) (Sun and Cheng, 2002;Mosier et al., 2005). Subcritical-water is one of the tools for hydrolysis of biomass (Yu et al., 2008;Akiya and Savage, 2002), as it has a lower dielectric constant and higher ion product than water under ambient conditions, leading to hydrolysis of polymers in biomass without a catalyst.Microwave heating is now attracted much attention as an alternative heating source (Adam, 2003) for its environment friendliness, known as green chemistry. Microwaves enable rapid and uniform heating of polar substances by direct and internal heating generated by friction of dipole rotations. Microwave heating has been widely applied in organic chemistry (Perreux and Loupy, 2001;Lidström et al., 2001), extraction methods (microwave-assisted extraction; MAE) ...

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“…The Saeman et al (1945) technique was used for the quantitative saccharification of the original lignocellulosic material and the autohydrolysis reaction solid residues. The filtrates from the quantitative saccharification were analyzed for glucose, xylose, and arabinose using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC, Agilent 1200) with Aminex HPX-87H Column, refractive index detector, and 5 mM H 2 SO 4 in water as the mobile phase.…”

Section: Analytical Techniquesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Efficient removal of hexavalent chromium from aqueous solutions using autohydrolyzed Scots Pine (Pinus Sylvestris) sawdust as adsorbent

Sidiras

Politi

Batzias

et al. 2013

Int. J. Environ. Sci. Technol.

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In this work, a low-cost lignocellulosic adsorbent with high biosorption capacity is proposed, suitable for the efficient removal of hexavalent chromium from water and wastewater media. The adsorbent was produced by autohydrolyzing Scots Pine (Pinus Sylvestris) sawdust. The effect of the autohydrolysis conditions, i.e., pretreatment time and temperature, on hexavalent chromium biosorption was investigated using energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) and UV-visible spectrophotometry. The Freundlich, Langmuir, Sips, Radke-Prausnitz, Modified Radke-Prausnitz, Tóth, UNILAN, Temkin and DubininRadushkevich adsorption capacities and the rate constant values for pseudo-first-and pseudo-second-order kinetics indicated that the autohydrolyzed material exhibits significantly enhanced hexavalent chromium adsorption properties comparing with the untreated sawdust. The Freundlich's adsorption capacity K F increased from 2.276 to 8.928 (mg g -1 )(L mg -1 ) 1/n , and the amount of hexavalent chromium adsorbed at saturation (Langmuir constant q m ) increased from 87.4 to 345.9 mg g -1 , indicating that autohydrolysis treatment at 240°C for 50 min optimizes the adsorption behavior of the lignocellulosic material.

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Quantitative Saccharification of Wood and Cellulose

Cited by 240 publications

References 9 publications

Composition of the cell wall of Chlorella fusca

Composition of the cell wall of Chlorella fusca

Microwave Heating for Solubilization of Polysaccharide and Polyphenol from Soybean Residue (Okara)

Efficient removal of hexavalent chromium from aqueous solutions using autohydrolyzed Scots Pine (Pinus Sylvestris) sawdust as adsorbent

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