Quantitative studies on charcoalification: Physical and chemical changes of charring wood

Fossil mosses from the Early Cretaceous Catefica mesofossil flora, Portugal – a window into the Mesozoic history of Bryophytes

“…An important consideration for Dicranodontium minutum is whether the minute size of the fossils is considered conspicuous enough to serve as a species-diagnostic criterion, given that only the apical-most portions of the fossil shoots are preserved and that shrinkage may also have occurred during charcoalification. It is possible that only the apical portions of the gametophytes were sufficiently protected from the fire, perhaps by the surrounding leaves, and hence became charcoalified rather than completely burnt to ash (cf., Li et al 2022a). Experimental charcoalification has shown to reduce the size of plant organs between 14 and 47 %, depending on the organ type (Lupia 1995).…”

Changes in Physical and Water Sorption Characteristics of Three Solid Woods after One-Sided Surface Charring

“…Charring as a protective treatment for wood is a typical pyrolysis process . When wood is subjected to pyrolysis, the most reactive components of the wood, that is, the hemicelluloses and the amorphous zones of the cellulose, are degraded, causing a reduction of the hydroxyl groups in these wood components, leading to a decrease in the moisture absorption capacity of wood. , At the same time, the pyrolysis process can degrade the hydrophilic hydroxyl groups of wood matrices and increase the hydrophobic groups, improving the dimensional stability of wood . Furthermore, when the charring of wood components is carried out at high temperature, it significantly reduces the nutrients in the wood, which strongly inhibits the growth of fungi in the wood to achieve resistance to biodeterioration. , …”

“…14,15 At the same time, the pyrolysis process can degrade the hydrophilic hydroxyl groups of wood matrices and increase the hydrophobic groups, improving the dimensional stability of wood. 15 Furthermore, when the charring of wood components is carried out at high temperature, it significantly reduces the nutrients in the wood, which strongly inhibits the growth of fungi in the wood to achieve resistance to biodeterioration. 16,17 The surface charring of wood is an ancient Japanese technique called "Shou Sugi Ban" or "Yakisugi" that is used to increase the durability and sustainability of wood.…”

Charring-induced morphological changes of Chinese “Five Grains”: An experimental study

“…Most of these studies focus on the morphological changes, while the others demonstrate chemical alternations such as fractionations in carbon and nitrogen stable isotopes (Boardman and Jones, 1990;Gustafsson, 2000;Wright, 2003;Braadbaart et al, 2004;Guarino and Sciarrillo, 2004;Braadbaart, 2007;Braadbaart et al, 2007;Märkle and Rösch, 2008;Fraser et al, 2013;Charles et al, 2015;Nitsch et al, 2015;Aldeias et al, 2016;Walsh, 2017;Castillo, 2019;Su et al, 2019;White et al, 2019;Biswas et al, 2020;Wang and Lu, 2020;). Temperature and time are the most significant factors, while factors such as oxidizing/anoxic conditions, moisture content of the plant part, heating rate, distance from the fire source, burial depth, and the un/shelled status can also influence the charring (White et al, 2019;Li et al, 2022a). Moreover, they tend to have different charring effects on different species.…”