Quantitative techniques for imaging cells and tissues

Bartheld, Christopher S. von; Wouters, Fred S.

doi:10.1007/s00441-015-2149-0

Cited by 7 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 24 publications

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“…Quantification of cells and their ratios in the nervous system is considered an important approach to understand the cellular composition, development, and evolution of the brain, neurological and psychiatric diseases, and aging (Coggeshall and Lekan, ; Morrison and Hof, ; Azevedo et al, ; Hilgetag and Barbas, ; Lent et al, ; Yuhas and Jabr, ; Herculano‐Houzel, ; Geuna and Herrera‐Rincon, ). Quantification adds an essential, new dimension to the topic of investigation, as famously expressed by Lord Kelvin (Thomson, ; von Bartheld and Wouters, ). Recent studies have shown that the cellular composition of the human brain is very different than was believed and taught for almost half a century (Azevedo et al, ; Hilgetag and Barbas, ; Lent et al, ; Yuhas and Jabr, ; Herculano‐Houzel, ).…”

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confidence: 99%

The search for true numbers of neurons and glial cells in the human brain: A review of 150 years of cell counting

Bartheld

Bahney

Herculano‐Houzel

2016

J of Comparative Neurology

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831

557

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For half a century, the human brain was believed to contain about 100 billion neurons and one trillion glial cells, with a glia:neuron ratio of 10:1. A new counting method, the isotropic fractionator, has challenged the notion that glia outnumber neurons and revived a question that was widely thought to have been resolved. The recently validated isotropic fractionator demonstrates a glia:neuron ratio of less than 1:1 and a total number of less than 100 billion glial cells in the human brain. A survey of original evidence shows that histological data always supported a 1:1 ratio of glia to neurons in the entire human brain, and a range of 40–130 billion glial cells. We review how the claim of one trillion glial cells originated, was perpetuated, and eventually refuted. We compile how numbers of neurons and glial cells in the adult human brain were reported and we examine the reasons for an erroneous consensus about the relative abundance of glial cells in human brains that persisted for half a century. Our review includes a brief history of cell counting in human brains, types of counting methods that were and are employed, ranges of previous estimates, and the current status of knowledge about the number of cells. We also discuss implications and consequences of the new insights into true numbers of glial cells in the human brain, and the promise and potential impact of the newly validated isotropic fractionator for reliable quantification of glia and neurons in neurological and psychiatric diseases.

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confidence: 99%

The search for true numbers of neurons and glial cells in the human brain: A review of 150 years of cell counting

Bartheld

Bahney

Herculano‐Houzel

2016

J of Comparative Neurology

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831

557

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“…Cellular composition is considered as another informative characteristic to understand the brain functions [52]. Thus, we next used flow cytometry to quantify major cell types, such as astrocytes, microglia, oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPC) and cells in hippocampus (HP) and frontal cortex (FC) of Mir146b-/and WT mice.…”

Section: Brain Cell Abundancy Is Altered In the Brain Of Mir146b-/-micementioning

confidence: 99%

Enhanced Cognition and Neurogenesis in miR-146b Deficient Mice

Chithanathan

Somelar

Jürgenson

et al. 2022

Cells

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The miR-146 family consists of two microRNAs (miRNAs), miR-146a and miR-146b, which are both known to suppress a variety of immune responses. Here in this study, we show that miR-146b is abundantly expressed in neuronal cells, while miR-146a is mainly expressed in microglia and astroglia of adult mice. Accordingly, miR-146b deficient (Mir146b-/-) mice exhibited anxiety-like behaviors and enhanced cognition. Characterization of cellular composition of Mir146b-/- mice using flow cytometry revealed an increased number of neurons and a decreased abundancy of astroglia in the hippocampus and frontal cortex, whereas microglia abundancy remained unchanged. Immunohistochemistry showed a higher density of neurons in the frontal cortex of Mir146b-/- mice, enhanced hippocampal neurogenesis as evidenced by an increased proliferation, and survival of newly generated cells with enhanced maturation into neuronal phenotype. No microglial activation or signs of neuroinflammation were observed in Mir146b-/- mice. Further analysis demonstrated that miR-146b deficiency is associated with elevated expression of glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (Gdnf) mRNA in the hippocampus, which might be at least in part responsible for the observed neuronal expansion and the behavioral phenotype. This hypothesis is partially supported by the positive correlation between performance of mice in the object recognition test and Gdnf mRNA expression in Mir146b-/- mice. Together, these results show the distinct function of miR-146b in controlling behaviors and provide new insights in understanding cell-specific function of miR-146b in the neuronal and astroglial organization of the mouse brain.

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“…The number density of ADH enzymes can still be evaluated by using a stereology method (see the Supporting Information, section S2) and be compared with the obtained enzyme loadings in each MPS particle type (Table S1) under conditions similar to when used in biocatalytic applications. 39,40 3.4.2. Radial Distributions of the Enzymes.…”

Section: Acs Applied Nano Materialsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Spatial Distribution of Enzymes Immobilized in Mesoporous Silicas for Biocatalysis

Gomes

Zadeh

Palmqvist

et al. 2019

ACS Appl. Nano Mater.

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Mesoporous silica (MPS) particles are promising materials for the immobilization of a variety of enzymes due to the possibility of tailoring their morphology and surface properties. A better understanding of the spatial distribution of enzymes immobilized in these materials is important for improved biocatalytic applications. In this work three types of MPS materials are compared for the immobilization of alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH): two ordered mesoporous silica type SBA-15 particles with 6.8 and 10 nm pore diameters and one mesostructured cellular foam (MCF) with a pore diameter of 26.8 nm and window diameter of 10.7 nm. Nitrogen sorption analysis and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) using immunogold staining (IGS) are used to study the immobilized amount and spatial distribution of ADH in the MPS. In the MCF the mesopore volume occupied by the enzymes measured by nitrogen sorption analysis agrees well with the calculated pore filling, which indicates that the amount of enzyme bound to the external surface is small as supported by TEM imaging showing an essentially even distribution in the MCF particles at least up to 2000 nm from the particle surface. In the case of SBA-15 with 6.8 nm pore size the ADH can enter the pores even though the pore size distribution is smaller than the hydrodynamic size of the protein, but the enzymes only penetrate to about 500 nm from the particle surface. With 10 nm pores the ADH penetrates further into SBA-15 but is still not evenly distributed. MCF can accommodate the largest amount of enzyme per gram of particles and still has a substantial fraction of its mesopore volume available, showing that MCF is a good host for the immobilization of large enzymes such as ADH.

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Quantitative techniques for imaging cells and tissues

Cited by 7 publications

References 24 publications

The search for true numbers of neurons and glial cells in the human brain: A review of 150 years of cell counting

The search for true numbers of neurons and glial cells in the human brain: A review of 150 years of cell counting

Enhanced Cognition and Neurogenesis in miR-146b Deficient Mice

Spatial Distribution of Enzymes Immobilized in Mesoporous Silicas for Biocatalysis

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