Quantitative variations of individual carotenoids in relationship with the leaflet development of six species of the genus Ceratozamia (Cycads)

Cardini, Franco; Pucci, Susanna; Calamassi, Roberto

doi:10.1016/j.jplph.2005.05.012

Cited by 8 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 27 publications

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“…This process of Lx accumulation with leaf ageing has been shown in leaflets of some cycads (Ceratozamia robusta Miq. and C. kuesteriana Regel; Cardini et al 2006), as well as in shade leaves of laurel (L. nobilis; Esteban et al 2007) and avocado (P. americana Table 4). 4.…”

Section: Ecophysiological Significance: When Is LX De-epoxidised?mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However the list of species containing Lx is now much longer, with this pigment present in 58% of the 50 families analysed up to now. It is present in several basal groups of gymnosperms (Cardini et al 2006) and angiosperms (Laurales, Magnoliales;García-Plazaola et al 2004), but it is also present in recently evolved groups, suggesting that this is not a primitive character in plants. Although Lx photoconversion to L has been demonstrated only in five species, it can be assumed from the pigment distribution within thylakoids and the de-epoxidation activities that whenever Lx is present it can be potentially photoconverted to L. Lx content undergoes pronounced changes during leaf acclimation or ontogeny and, thus, spot analysis of leaves is of limited value in terms of sorting evolutionary relationships.…”

Section: Taxonomic Distribution Evolutionary Aspectsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The lutein epoxide cycle in higher plants: its relationships to other xanthophyll cycles and possible functions

Garcı́a-Plazaola

Matsubara

Osmond

2007

Functional Plant Biol.

134

117

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Several xanthophyll cycles have been described in photosynthetic organisms. Among them, only two are present in higher plants: the ubiquitous violaxanthin (V) cycle, and the taxonomically restricted lutein epoxide (Lx) cycle, whereas four cycles seem to occur in algae. Although V is synthesised through the β-branch of the carotenoid biosynthetic pathway and Lx is the product of the α-branch; both are co-located in the same sites of the photosynthetic pigment-protein complexes isolated from thylakoids. Both xanthophylls are also de-epoxidised upon light exposure by the same enzyme, violaxanthin de-epoxidase (VDE) leading to the formation of zeaxanthin (Z) and lutein (L) at comparable rates. In contrast with VDE, the reverse reaction presumably catalysed by zeaxanthin epoxidase (ZE), is much slower (or even inactive) with L than with antheraxanthin (A) or Z. Consequently many species lack Lx altogether, and although the presence of Lx shows an irregular taxonomical distribution in unrelated taxa, it has a high fidelity at family level. In those plants which accumulate Lx, variations in ZE activity in vivo mean that a complete Lx-cycle occurs in some (with Lx pools being restored overnight), whereas in others a truncated cycle is observed in which VDE converts Lx into L, but regeneration of Lx by ZE is extremely slow. Accumulation of Lx to high concentrations is found most commonly in old leaves in deeply shaded canopies, and the Lx cycle in these leaves is usually truncated. This seemingly anomalous situation presumably arises because ZE has a low but finite affinity for L, and because deeply shaded leaves are not often exposed to light intensities strong enough to activate VDE. Notably, both in vitro and in vivo studies have recently shown that accumulation of Lx can increase the light harvesting efficiency in the antennae of PSII. We propose a model for the truncated Lx cycle in strong light in which VDE converts Lx to L which then occupies sites L2 and V1 in the light-harvesting antenna complex of PSII (Lhcb), displacing V and Z. There is correlative evidence that this photoconverted L facilitates energy dissipation via non-photochemical quenching and thereby converts a highly efficient light harvesting system to an energy dissipating system with improved capacity to engage photoprotection. Operation of the α-and β-xanthophyll cycles with different L and Z epoxidation kinetics thus allows a combination of rapidly and slowly reversible modulation of light harvesting and photoprotection, with each cycle having distinct effects. Based on the patchy taxonomical distribution of Lx, we propose that the presence of Lx (and the Lx cycle) could be the result of a recurrent mutation in the epoxidase gene that increases its affinity for L, which is conserved whenever it confers an evolutionary advantage.

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Section: Ecophysiological Significance: When Is LX De-epoxidised?mentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Taxonomic Distribution Evolutionary Aspectsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The lutein epoxide cycle in higher plants: its relationships to other xanthophyll cycles and possible functions

Garcı́a-Plazaola

Matsubara

Osmond

2007

Functional Plant Biol.

134

117

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“…2007), and a few other species (Llorens et al. 2002; Cardini et al. 2006) as photosynthetic organs in which the concentration of Lx exceeds that of V. De‐epoxidation of Lx was slightly slower than that of V (especially in L. nobilis in low light) and epoxidation of Lx to L was essentially undetectable in the time frames of our experiments.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 63%

Short‐ and long‐term modulation of the lutein epoxide and violaxanthin cycles in two species of the Lauraceae: sweet bay laurel (Laurus nobilis L.) and avocado (Persea americana Mill.)

et al. 2008

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Short- and long-term responses of the violaxanthin (V) and lutein epoxide (Lx) cycles were studied in two species of Lauraceae: sweet bay laurel (Laurus nobilis L.) and avocado (Persea americana L.). The Lx content exceeded the V content in shade leaves of both species. Both Lx and V were de-epoxidised on illumination, but only V was fully restored by epoxidation in low light. Violaxanthin was preferentially de-epoxidised in low light in L. nobilis. This suggests that Lx accumulates with leaf ageing, partly because its conversion to lutein is limited in shade. After exposure to strong light, shade leaves of avocado readjusted the total pools of alpha- and beta-xanthophyll cycles by de novo synthesis of antheraxanthin, zeaxanthin and lutein. This occurred in parallel with a sustained depression of F(v)/F(m). In Persea indica, a closely related but low Lx species, F(v)/F(m) recovered faster after a similar light treatment, suggesting the involvement of the Lx cycle in sustained energy dissipation. Furthermore, the seasonal correlation between non-reversible Lx and V photoconversions and pre-dawn F(v)/F(m) in sun leaves of sweet bay supported the conclusion that the Lx cycle is involved in a slowly reversible downregulation of photosynthesis analogous to the V cycle.

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“…This hypothesis needs further proof, of course, although it is known that some carotenoid metabolites act as hormones that regulate metabolism in plants [25]. In studies on the red-brown leaves of ceratozamia, it has also been found that the amount of keto-carotenoids (red) decreases during leaflet development until they disappear [26].…”

Section: Changes In Red and Yellow Carotenoids During Developmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

Changes in the Carotenoids of Zamia dressleri Leaves during Development

Murillo,

Nagy,

Menchaca

et al. 2024

Plants

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It has been observed that the leaves of some Zamia species undergo a kind of “reverse ripening”; that is, they change from their original brown color to green during development. We assumed that this strange color change was due to the change in carotenoid composition, so we followed the changes for several weeks. The detailed carotenoid composition and content at different stages of development of the leaves was determined with HPLC-DAD focusing on the changes in red and yellow carotenoids. The total and relative amounts of red and yellow carotenoids were determined simultaneously from one measurement from a saponified and/or unsaponified extract. At the beginning of development, the concentration of red carotenoids was higher than that of the yellow ones; it decreased drastically until 22 days and continued to decrease slowly until they completely disappeared. The concentration of yellow carotenoids decreased at the beginning as well, but after 22 days it started to increase. The amount of red carotenoids started to decrease when the leaflet stopped growing. Lutein is the main component in old leaflets, which is not a red carotenoid precursor. Red carotenoids can always be found in their esterified form in the leaves. These findings support the hypothesis that red and yellow carotenoid accumulation are independent and probably have different functions in the leaflet. The strange color change was explained based on the compartmentalization of red and yellow carotenoids and on the changing activity of the enzyme capsanthin–capsorubin synthase responsible for the synthesis of red carotenoids capsorubin and capsanthin.

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Quantitative variations of individual carotenoids in relationship with the leaflet development of six species of the genus Ceratozamia (Cycads)

Cited by 8 publications

References 27 publications

The lutein epoxide cycle in higher plants: its relationships to other xanthophyll cycles and possible functions

The lutein epoxide cycle in higher plants: its relationships to other xanthophyll cycles and possible functions

Short‐ and long‐term modulation of the lutein epoxide and violaxanthin cycles in two species of the Lauraceae: sweet bay laurel (Laurus nobilis L.) and avocado (Persea americana Mill.)

Changes in the Carotenoids of Zamia dressleri Leaves during Development

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