Quantum Chemical Insight into 1,2-Shift Rearrangement in Bromination of Allylaryls

Abstract

In this work, we have provided mechanistic insight into the addition of bromine to an allylic double bond of allylaryl derivatives using experimental and DFT-based electronic structure methods. The experimental yields indicate the influence of the functional group on the aryl ring on the ratio of 1,2-dibromo and 1,3-dibromo adducts formed in the reaction. The optimized geometry and the electron density maps of the allylaryls and their cationic intermediates from DFT simulations revealed that electron-rich aryl rings promoted formation of cationic spiro­[2.5] intermediate II, whereas electron-poor aryl rings resulted in formation of bromonium intermediate I. It was observed that electron-rich allylaryls promoted the 1,2-shift of the aryl ring that resulted in bond formation between the carbon atom (C1) on the aryl ring and the central carbon atom (C3) in the allylic double bond and formed spiro[2.5] intermediate II, a trend which was confirmed by harmonic oscillator model of aromaticity index. Also, Wiberg bond order analysis is in good agreement with the experimental work. Thermochemical analysis indicates that smaller C1···C3 distance resulted in favorable values for the difference in free energy change (ΔΔG). The favorable ΔΔG values are a result of higher electron density on the aryl ring, making it more nucleophilic toward C3 carbon and promoting 1,2-shift that led to formation of the spiro[2.5] intermediate. Thus, the underlying mechanism indicates that the electron-rich allylaryls promote the formation of 1,3-dibromo compounds through formation and stabilization of the spiro[2.5] intermediate II.

Four-Step Synthesis of 3-Allyl-2-(allyloxy)-5-bromoaniline from 2-Allylphenol

“…For instance, we have developed transition metal-free protocols for the synthesis of (E)-allylic compounds [9] and α-alkyl styrenes [10] from terminal alkenes, sometimes using additives or heat to improve yields. While mechanistic studies have helped to better understand the electronic effects in these transformations using allylbenzenes [11], it is still necessary to perform a direct comparison between allylbenzenes and allyl ethers. As such, the title compound was designed, synthesized, and characterized as described below.…”