Quantum dialogue without information leakage based on the entanglement swapping between any two Bell states and the shared secret Bell state

Abstract

In order to avoid the risk of information leakage during the information mutual transmission between two authorized participants, i.e., Alice and Bob, a quantum dialogue protocol based on the entanglement swapping between any two Bell states and the shared secret Bell state is proposed. The proposed protocol integrates the ideas of block transmission, two-step transmission and unitary operation encoding together using the Bell states as the information carriers. Besides the entanglement swapping between any two Bell states, a shared secret Bell state is also used to overcome the information leakage problem, which not only makes Bob aware of the prepared initial state but also is used for Bob's encoding and entanglement swapping. Security analysis shows that the proposed protocol can resist the general active attacks from an outside eavesdropper Eve. Moreover, the relation between the maximal amount of information Eve can gain and the detection probability is derived.

Fault-tolerant authenticated quantum dialogue using logical Bell states

“…Compared with the previous QD protocols [12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24][28][29][30][31][32][33][34][35][36][37][38][39][40]42,[53][54][55][56][57][58][59][60][61], the great merit of the two proposed protocols is that each of them can accomplish the mutual identity authentication and the dialogue between two participants simultaneously and securely over one kind of collective noise channels under the assumption that the information transmitted through the classical channel is eavesdroppable and modifiable. Their other characteristics are:…”

A Kind of Quantum Dialogue Protocols Without Information Leakage Assisted by Auxiliary Quantum Operation

“…After obtaining particles b, c and d, Bob performs double CNOT operations on particles c and d with particle b as the control qubit, respectively. Then, Bob uses Z ⊗ Z-basis ({|00 , |01 , |10 , |11 }) to measure particles c and d. According to (19)(20)(21)(22), Bob is able to know which Bell state particles a and b are collapsed into. On the other hand, Alice is also able to know the state of particles a and b after double CNOT operations, since she prepares the four-particle GHZ state by herself.…”

“…[21] ofRef. [22] of Ref. [23] protocol with protocol with protocol with Bell-basis single-particle single-particle Bell-basis…”

“…We compare our protocols with the previous information leakage resistant QD protocols [17][18][19][20][21][22][23] on three aspects including the initial quantum resource, the quantum measurement and Cabello's information-theoretical efficiency. Table 1 summarizes the comparison results.…”

“…It can be concluded from Table 1 that, compared with the protocols in Refs. [17][18][19][20][21][22], the advantage of our protocols with Bell state and W state lies in Cabello's information-theoretical efficiency.…”