Quantum entanglement establishment between two strangers

Abstract

This paper presents the first quantum entanglement establishment scheme for strangers who neither pre-share any secret nor have any authenticated classical channel between them. The proposed protocol requires only the help of two almost dishonest third parties (TPs) to achieve the goal. The security analyses indicate that the proposed protocol is secure against not only an external eavesdropper's attack, but also the TP's attack."spooky relation at a distance," which allows two or more participants who share entangled quantum states to have correlated information. Based on the concept of quantum entanglement, various quantum cryptographic protocols are possible. For example, quantum key distribution allows two remote participants to share a secure key [1]; quantum teleportation "sends" quanta to a remote location without any physical photon transmission [2]; quantum dense-coding communication allows one to transmit two-bit information via a one-bit quantum transmission; and quantum blind computation [3] allows a user to perform quantum computations with the help of a quantum server, without revealing the intended computations. In addition, quantum secret sharing [4], quantum state sharing [5], quantum remote state preparation [6], quantum signature [7], quantum private comparison [8, 9], etc., are all possible because of shared quantum entanglement states. Research has shown that if shared quantum entanglements are in incorrect states or are interrupted by malicious users during the entanglement establishment process, then incorrect results may occur, and the protocol is considered to be insecure [1, 10-16]. Accordingly, assurance of security and correctness during the establishment of entanglement becomes an imperative issue in quantum cryptography.The problem with the establishment of entanglement has been most often treated in two ways. The first is to simply assume that the entanglement is preshared by the participants [2]. The second-which is also our focus here-describes the entanglement establishment procedure in detail [1]. For this approach, one often assumes the existence of an authentication classical channel between two users, which can be used to discuss the correctness of the shared entangled states. For example, if Alice wants to share an entanglement with Bob, Alice will generate a series of entangled quantum states, which include multiple quantum particles, and transmit the entangled particles to Bob. Then Alice

A Novel Application of Probabilistic Teleportation: p-Rabin Quantum Oblivious Transfer of a Qubit

“…there is no authenticated channels between them. An quantum entanglement establishment protocol is proposed to solve the case [34].…”