Quantum Fluctuations and Noise in Parametric Processes. I.

Louisell, W. H.; Yariv, Amnon; Siegman, A. E.

doi:10.1103/physrev.124.1646

Cited by 654 publications

(411 citation statements)

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“…Homodyne-detected sum frequency generation (SFG) (Shen, 1989) and difference frequency generation (DFG) (Dick and Hochstrasser, 1983;Mukamel, 1995) involve two classical and one quantum mode. Parametric down conversion (PDC) Klyshko, 1988;Louisell et al, 1961;Mandel and Wolf, 1995) involves one classical and two quantum modes and is one of the primary sources of entangled photon pairs Gerry and Knight, 2005;U'Ren et al, 2006). All of these are coherent measurements, and scale as N (N − 1) for N active molecules the signals (Marx et al, 2008).…”

Section: Entangled Light Generation Via Nonlinear Light-matter Inmentioning

confidence: 99%

Nonlinear optical signals and spectroscopy with quantum light

2016

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Conventional nonlinear spectroscopy uses classical light to detect matter properties through the variation of its response with frequencies or time delays. Quantum light opens up new avenues for spectroscopy by utilizing parameters of the quantum state of light as novel control knobs and through the variation of photon statistics by coupling to matter. We present an intuitive diagrammatic approach for calculating ultrafast spectroscopy signals induced by quantum light, focusing on applications involving entangled photons with nonclassical bandwidth properties -known as "time-energy entanglement". Nonlinear optical signals induced by quantized light fields are expressed using time ordered multipoint correlation functions of superoperators in the joint field plus matter phase space. These are distinct from Glauber's photon counting formalism which use normally ordered products of ordinary operators in the field space. One notable advantage for spectroscopy applications is that entangled photon pairs are not subjected to the classical Fourier limitations on the joint temporal and spectral resolution. After a brief survey of properties of entangled photon pairs relevant to their spectroscopic applications, different optical signals, and photon counting setups are discussed and illustrated for simple multi-level model systems.

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Section: Entangled Light Generation Via Nonlinear Light-matter Inmentioning

confidence: 99%

Nonlinear optical signals and spectroscopy with quantum light

2016

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“…This noise term accurately represents the effects of vacuum fluctuations associated with cavity losses on the signal field. We note that treating the pump field classically in this way is a natural extension of the parametric approximation to three-mode interactions, which treats a strong mode classically and has been widely used in quantum optics for many years [25].…”

Section: Time Dependent Parametric Approximationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Macroscopic quantum fluctuations in noise-sustained optical patterns

et al. 2002

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We investigate quantum effects in pattern-formation for a degenerate optical parametric oscillator with walk-off. This device has a convective regime in which macroscopic patterns are both initiated and sustained by quantum noise. Familiar methods based on linearization about a pseudo-classical field fail in this regime and new approaches are required. We employ a method in which the pump field is treated as a c-number variable but is driven by the c-number representation of the quantum sub-harmonic signal field. This allows us to include the effects of the fluctuations in the signal on the pump, which in turn act back on the signal. We find that the non-classical effects, in the form of squeezing, survive just above the threshold of the convective regime. Further above threshold the macroscopic quantum noise suppresses these effects. PACS number(s): 42.50. Lc, 42.50.Dv, 42.50.Ct, 42.65.Sf

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“…The presented scheme relies only on linear optics and homodyne detection, thus circumventing the need for nonlinear interaction between a pump field and the signal field. The amplifier demonstrates near optimal quantum noise limited performance for a wide range of amplification factors.PACS numbers: 42.65.Yj, 42.50.Lc, Optical amplification is inevitably affected by fundamental quantum noise no matter whether it is phase sensitive or phase insensitive as stressed by Louisell et al [1] and by Haus and Mullen [2]. The ultimate limits imposed by quantum mechanics on amplifiers was later concisely formulated by Caves [3] in fundamental theorems.…”

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confidence: 99%

“…Setting G = 1 T , we exactly recover the transformation for an ideal phase-insensitive amplifier given by (1), where the amplification factor is controlled by the beam splitting ratio. Note that the noise that enters from the vacuum fluctuations on ν 1 is automatically cancelled out in the output via the feedforward.…”

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“…For instance, spontaneous emission is unavoidably introduced in laser amplification, whereas, in parametric amplifiers and four wave mixers, vacuum fluctuations of the idler mode are added to the output signal [5,6,7]. In Raman amplifiers and Brillouin amplifiers zero-point fluctuations of respectively lattice vibrational modes (optical phonon) and acoustic phonon modes cause the noise [1]. The efficiency of a phase-insensitive amplifier is typically quantified by the noise figure [3,9], which is defined by NF≡ SNR out /SNR in .…”

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Universal Optical Amplification without Nonlinearity

et al. 2006

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We propose and experimentally realize a new scheme for universal phase-insensitive optical amplification. The presented scheme relies only on linear optics and homodyne detection, thus circumventing the need for nonlinear interaction between a pump field and the signal field. The amplifier demonstrates near optimal quantum noise limited performance for a wide range of amplification factors.PACS numbers: 42.65.Yj, 42.50.Lc, Optical amplification is inevitably affected by fundamental quantum noise no matter whether it is phase sensitive or phase insensitive as stressed by Louisell et al. [1] and by Haus and Mullen [2]. The ultimate limits imposed by quantum mechanics on amplifiers was later concisely formulated by Caves [3] in fundamental theorems. This intrinsic noise, intimately linked with measurement theory and the no-cloning theorem, gives rise to many inextricable restrictions on the manipulations of quantum states. For example, microscopic quantum objects cannot be perfectly transformed, through amplification, into macroscopic objects for detailed inspection [4]: for phase insensitive amplification nonclassical features of quantum states, such as squeezing or oscillations in phase space, will be gradually washed out, and the signal to noise ratio of an information carrying quantum state will be reduced during the course of amplification. Despite these limitations, the universal phase insensitive amplifier is however rich of applications, in particular in optical communication. Amplifiers operating at the quantum noise limit are of particular importance for quantum communication where information is encoded in fragile quantum states, thus extremely vulnerable to noise.Numerous apparatuses accomplish, in principle, ideal phase insensitive amplification as, for instance, solid state laser amplifiers [5], parametric downconverters [6] and schemes based on four wave mixing processes [7]. However, to date phase-insensitive amplification at the quantum limit has been only partially demonstrated [8,9]: a number of difficulties are indeed involved in practice, especially for low gain applications. These difficulties mainly lie in the fact that the amplified field has to be efficiently coupled, mediated by a non linearity, to a pump field.Following a recent trend in quantum information science, where non linear media are efficiently replaced by linear optics [10], we show in this Letter that universal phase insensitive amplification can also be achieved using only linear optics and homodyne detection. The simplicity and the robustness of this original scheme enable us to achieve near quantum noise limited amplification of coherent states, even in the low gain regime.Let us first briefly summarize the basic formalism describing a phase-insensitive amplifier [3]. Because of the symmetry of such an amplifier, it can be described by the following input-output transformation:â out = √ Gâ in +N whereâ in(out) represent the input (output) annihilation bosonic operators, G is the power gain and N the operator associated wi...

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Quantum Fluctuations and Noise in Parametric Processes. I.

Cited by 654 publications

References 8 publications

Nonlinear optical signals and spectroscopy with quantum light

Nonlinear optical signals and spectroscopy with quantum light

Macroscopic quantum fluctuations in noise-sustained optical patterns

Universal Optical Amplification without Nonlinearity

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