“…Since then, quantum cryptography has developed rapidly and has become one of the most active fields in modern science. Quantum cryptographic communication protocols, such as QKD [1][2][3][4][5], quantum identity authentication (QIA) [6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20], quantum secret sharing [21][22][23][24] and quantum secure direct communication [25][26][27][28][29][30] have emerged. In recent years, the theoretical research and application of quantum communication have been widely developed in China, including quantum computing [31,32], quantum steganography [33], quantum 3 These authors contributed equally to this work.…”