Quantum LFSR Structure for Random Number Generation Using QCA Multilayered Shift Register for Cryptographic Purposes

Abstract

A random number generator (RNG), a cryptographic technology that plays an important role in security and sensor networks, can be designed using a linear feedback shift register (LFSR). This cryptographic transformation is currently done through CMOS. It has been developed by reducing the size of the gate and increasing the degree of integration, but it has reached the limit of integration due to the quantum tunneling phenomenon. Quantum-dot cellular automata (QCA), one of the quantum circuit design technologies to replace this, has superior performance compared to CMOS in most performance areas, such as space, speed, and power. Most of the LFSRs in QCA are designed as shift registers (SR), and most of the SR circuits proposed based on the existing QCA have a planar structure, so the cell area is large and the signal is unstable when a plane intersection is implemented. Therefore, in this paper, we propose a multilayered 2-to-1 QCA multiplexer and a D-latch, and we make blocks based on D-latch and connect these blocks to make SR. In addition, the LFSR structure is designed by adding an XOR operation to it, and we additionally propose an LFSR capable of dual-edge triggering. The proposed structures were completed with a very meticulous design technique to minimize area and latency using cell interaction, and they achieve high performance compared to many existing circuits. For the proposed structures, the cost and energy dissipation are calculated through simulation using QCADesigner and QCADesigner-E, and their efficiency is verified.

A Novel Cost-efficient Parallel Binary Adder without Crossover in QCA with Energy Dissipation Analysis

“…Due to the electron-electron repulsion, there is two possible polarization of the cell depending on the two diagonal positions of the electrons as shown in Fig 1 . The logic values 0 and 1 in binary is represented by the polarization values of -1 and +1 respectively in QCA cells [3]. There are three fundamental components that form the building blocks of any Due to the coulumbic interactions between the cells, the neighboring cell tends to take the same polarisation [4]. Hence, the polarisation is propagated through the 'wire' of quantum cells.…”

Multi-Layer QCA Shift Registers and Wiring Structure for LFSR in Stream Cipher with Low Energy Dissipation in Quantum Nanotechnology

“…Normal cells and cells rotated by 45 • do not affect each other's values when crossing, so they can be used for plane crossing. Figure 4b is a wire crossover of a multi-layer structure using three layers and shows that the value of the other layer is not affected when there is a difference between two or more layers [33,35].…”

“…In 2022, our team proposed a multi-layered D-latch to design an efficient LFSR structure and proposed a SIPO SR [33]. The proposed D-latch was designed very simply by cell interaction without using an MV gate.…”

“…The SR is classified into four types according to the input/output structure designed by function: serial-in parallel-out (SIPO), serial-in serial-out (SISO), parallel-in parallel-out (PIPO), and parallel-in serial-out (PISO) [28][29][30][31][32][33][34][35][36][37][38]. We would like to analyze and discuss three structures except for PISO, which is not often used due to structural reasons.…”

Multi-Layered QCA Content-Addressable Memory Cell Using Low-Power Electronic Interaction for AI-Based Data Learning and Retrieval in Quantum Computing Environment

“…Based on QCA, studies are being conducted to design various digital circuits as quantum circuits depending on the presence or absence of memory. This includes combinational circuits, such as XOR gates [ 8 , 9 , 10 , 11 , 12 , 13 , 14 , 15 ], multiplexers [ 16 , 17 , 18 , 19 ], adder/subtractors [ 20 , 21 , 22 , 23 ], multipliers [ 24 , 25 ], divider [ 26 , 27 , 28 ], and sequential circuits, such as D flip-flops [ 29 , 30 , 31 , 32 ], shift registers [ 33 , 34 , 35 , 36 ], RAM [ 37 , 38 , 39 , 40 , 41 , 42 , 43 ], and CAM [ 44 , 45 , 46 , 47 ].…”