Quantum Mechanics on the Pointed Plane

Schulte, C.

doi:10.1007/978-1-4899-1537-5_22

Cited by 4 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 3 publications

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“…Sharp carbon fiber tips after EDP insulation using the aforementioned shearforce-based positioning strategy are shown in Figure 4B-D as a series of SEM images of increasing magnification. In agreement with previous work involving Canguard for carbon fiber and metal STM tip insulation, 13,19,25 the EDP paint coatings that were obtained under the conditions used here consistently were uniform, thin, and defect-free. Also, they aligned well to the shape of the underlying carbon cone.…”

Section: Figuresupporting

confidence: 91%

Shearforce-Based Constant-Distance Scanning Electrochemical Microscopy as Fabrication Tool for Needle-Type Carbon-Fiber Nanoelectrodes

2010

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Carbon fiber nanoelectrodes with nanometer radii tip curvatures were fabricated using a shearforce-based constant-distance scanning electrochemical microscope and electrochemically induced polymer deposition. A simple DC etching procedure in alkaline solution provided conically sharpened single carbon fibers with well-formed nanocones at their bottom. Coating the stems but not the end of the tips of the tapered structures with anodic electrodeposition paint was the strategy for limiting the bare carbon to the foremost end and restricting a feasible voltammetry current response to exactly this section. The electrodeposition of the polymer was prevented at the foremost end of the tip using a shearforce-based tip-to-sample distance control that allowed approaching the etched tips carefully in just touching distance to a film of a silicone elastomer. Analysis of the steady-state cyclic voltammograms in presence of a reversible redox compound revealed effective radii for the obtained needle-type carbon-fiber nanoelectrodes down to as small as 46 nm. The method offers an alternative pathway toward the fabrication of highly miniaturized carbon electrodes.

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Section: Figuresupporting

confidence: 91%

Shearforce-Based Constant-Distance Scanning Electrochemical Microscopy as Fabrication Tool for Needle-Type Carbon-Fiber Nanoelectrodes

2010

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“…Pt nanoelectrode preparation, − by pulling a quartz capillary containing a Pt wire using a laser puller, generally leads to a blunt-ended tip with a disk-shaped nanoelectrode after symmetrical polishing (Figure a). In contrast to nanoelectrodes prepared with an insulating layer of a cathodic or anodic paint, − the quartz-encapsulated Pt nanoelectrodes exhibit improved vibration characteristics for shear force-based CD-SECM due to the stiffness of the insulating sheath. Consequently, successful use of such Pt nanoelectrodes in CD-SECM has been demonstrated; , however, those electrodes exhibit negative and positive feedback currents near the sample surface.…”

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confidence: 99%

Feedback-Independent Pt Nanoelectrodes for Shear Force-Based Constant-Distance Mode Scanning Electrochemical Microscopy

et al. 2006

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A new generation of platinum nanoelectrodes for constant-distance mode scanning electrochemical microscopy (CD-SECM) has been prepared, characterized, and used for high spatial resolution electrochemical measurements and visualization of electrochemically induced concentration gradients in microcavities. The probes have long (1-2 cm), narrow quartz tips that were conically polished and have a Pt nanoelectrode that is slightly offset from center. Because of the size and location of the electrode on the probe, it does not exhibit SECM feedback while approaching the analyzed sample surfaces even to distances within a few hundred nanometers. The probe was positioned near the surface while scanning and performing electrochemical measurements through use of nonoptical shear force control of the tip-to-sample distance. Test structures consisted of cylindrically shaped microcavities that are 50 microm in diameter with three individually addressable electrodes: a gold disk at 8-microm depth, a crescent-shaped gold ring at 4-microm depth along the wall, and a top gold electrode at the rim. Different electrodes within the microcavity were used to reduce and oxidize redox species in 250 microL of a solution of 5 mM hexaamineruthenium(III) chloride and 0.1 M potassium chloride, protected from evaporation by mineral oil, while the SECM tip followed the topography of the structures and monitored the current from the oxidation of [Ru(NH3)6]2+. Electrochemically generated concentration profiles were obtained from these complex test structures that are not possible with any other SECM technology at this time.

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“…The basic methodology is derived from a welldeveloped technology for corrosion protection in the car and the can industry, [25][26][27] which was recently adapted for insulating carbonfiber microelectrodes 28 and in situ scanning tunneling microscopy tips. 29 The localization is achieved by the generation of a pH value modulation caused by the electrochemical-induced oxidation or reduction of water at the electrode surface. The pH change leads to a titration of acidic or basic side chains of a suitable polymer leading to a significant change in the polymer solubility and hence to the precipitation of the polymer on the electrode surface.…”

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confidence: 99%

“…In this article, a novel immobilization technology is described based on the electrochemically induced, local deposition of enzyme-containing polymer films. The basic methodology is derived from a well-developed technology for corrosion protection in the car and the can industry, − which was recently adapted for insulating carbon-fiber microelectrodes and in situ scanning tunneling microscopy tips . The localization is achieved by the generation of a pH value modulation caused by the electrochemical-induced oxidation or reduction of water at the electrode surface.…”

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confidence: 99%

Immobilization Method for the Preparation of Biosensors Based on pH Shift-Induced Deposition of Biomolecule-Containing Polymer Films

2001

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Miniaturization of amperometric biosensors is crucially dependent on the availability of methods for the nonmanual immobilization of biological recognition elements on the transducer surface. From an aqueous polymer suspension, the precipitation of a polymer film with entrapped biological recognition elements is initiated by electrochemically induced oxidation of H20 at the electrode surface. Using the locally generated H+ gradient, acidic side chains of the polymer are titrated, leading to a change in the polymer solubility and hence to the controlled deposition of a polymer film. To investigate the properties and limitations of this immobilization technology, the specific features of a glucose biosensor based on polymer-entrapped glucose oxidase and amperometric detection of enzymatically generated H202 were investigated. Besides the reproducibility of the immobilization procedure, the sensitivity (14.59 mA cm(-2) M(-1) at pH 7), long-term stability (up to 5000 measurements in a sequential-injection analyzer), dependence on enzyme concentration, polymer thickness, and possibilities to fabricate multilayer sensor architectures were exploited. In addition, the miniaturization potential of this nonmanual immobilization technology was evaluated by investigating the modification of microband electrode arrays and cross talk between the neighboring microsensors.

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Quantum Mechanics on the Pointed Plane

Cited by 4 publications

References 3 publications

Shearforce-Based Constant-Distance Scanning Electrochemical Microscopy as Fabrication Tool for Needle-Type Carbon-Fiber Nanoelectrodes

Shearforce-Based Constant-Distance Scanning Electrochemical Microscopy as Fabrication Tool for Needle-Type Carbon-Fiber Nanoelectrodes

Feedback-Independent Pt Nanoelectrodes for Shear Force-Based Constant-Distance Mode Scanning Electrochemical Microscopy

Immobilization Method for the Preparation of Biosensors Based on pH Shift-Induced Deposition of Biomolecule-Containing Polymer Films

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