Quantum optomechanics

Aspelmeyer, Markus; Meystre, Pierre; Schwab, Keith

doi:10.1063/pt.3.1640

Cited by 413 publications

(407 citation statements)

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“…By inspection of (71) and (72), we see that these thresholds are quite similar. However, the electrodynamic Q factor of SC microwave cavities is typically on the order of 10 10 [19], whereas the typical mechanical Q factor for the best opto-mechanical oscillators, which are composed of non-SC materials in the ongoing opto-mechanical experiments, is at most on the order of 10 5 [18]. Therefore the question naturally arises whether it is possible to replace these low-Q, non-SC mechanical oscillators, with high-Q SC mechanical oscillators, in which their mechanical Q can approach the typical electrodynamic Q ∼ 10 10 of SC microwave cavities.…”

Section: The Dynamical Casimir Effect Via Parametric Oscillationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This Figure represents an "optomechanical" parametric amplifier, which becomes, above threshold, a parametric oscillator, whose active element is the central vibrating SC wire (indicated in red), placed across the middle of an extremely high-Q SC microwave cavity. Here, instead of using optical cavities, as is usual in ongoing opto-mechanical experiments [18], we shall be using SC microwave cavities. The reason for this is that the quality factor for SC microwave cavities has already been demonstrated by Haroche and co-workers [19] to be on the order of Q ∼ 10 10 (46) which can be much higher than that of typical optical cavities.…”

Section: The Dynamical Casimir Effect Via Parametric Oscillationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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A Gravitational Aharonov-Bohm Effect, and Its Connection to Parametric Oscillators and Gravitational Radiation

Chiao

Haun

Inan

et al. 2014

Quantum Theory: A Two-Time Success Story

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A thought experiment is proposed to demonstrate the existence of a gravitational, vector AharonovBohm effect. We begin the analysis starting from four Maxwell-like equations for weak gravitational fields interacting with slowly moving matter. A connection is made between the gravitational, vector Aharonov-Bohm effect and the principle of local gauge invariance for nonrelativistic quantum matter interacting with weak gravitational fields. The compensating vector fields that are necessitated by this local gauge principle are shown to be incorporated by the DeWitt minimal coupling rule. The nonrelativistic Hamiltonian for weak, time-independent fields interacting with quantum matter is then extended to time-dependent fields, and applied to problem of the interaction of radiation with macroscopically coherent quantum systems, including the problem of gravitational radiation interacting with superconductors. But first we examine the interaction of EM radiation with superconductors in a parametric oscillator consisting of a superconducting wire placed at the center of a high Q superconducting cavity driven by pump microwaves. Some room-temperature data will be presented demonstrating the splitting of a single microwave cavity resonance into a spectral doublet due to the insertion of a central wire. This would represent an unseparated kind of parametric oscillator, in which the signal and idler waves would occupy the same volume of space. We then propose a separated parametric oscillator experiment, in which the signal and idler waves are generated in two disjoint regions of space, which are separated from each other by means of an impermeable superconducting membrane. We find that the threshold for parametric oscillation for EM microwave generation is much lower for the separated configuration than the unseparated one, which then leads to an observable dynamical Casimir effect. We speculate that a separated parametric oscillator for generating coherent GR microwaves could also be built.

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Section: The Dynamical Casimir Effect Via Parametric Oscillationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: The Dynamical Casimir Effect Via Parametric Oscillationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Gravitational Aharonov-Bohm Effect, and Its Connection to Parametric Oscillators and Gravitational Radiation

Chiao

Haun

Inan

et al. 2014

Quantum Theory: A Two-Time Success Story

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“…A versatile approach to manipulate mechanical states of motion is provided by the interaction with electromagnetic radiation, typically confined to microwave or optical cavities. Such cavity-optomechanics experiments [4][5][6][7][8] have thus far largely concentrated on high sensitivity continuous monitoring of the mechanical position [9][10][11][12][13][14]. Because of the back-action imparted by the probe onto the measured object, the precision of such a measurement is fundamentally constrained by the standard quantum limit (SQL) [15,16], and therefore only allows for classical phase-space reconstruction [9,17,18].…”

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confidence: 99%

Cooling-by-measurement and mechanical state tomography via pulsed optomechanics

et al. 2013

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Observing a physical quantity without disturbing it is a key capability for the control of individual quantum systems. Such back-action-evading or quantum-non-demolition measurements were first introduced in the 1970s in the context of gravitational wave detection to measure weak forces on test masses by high precision monitoring of their motion. Now, such techniques have become an indispensable tool in quantum science for preparing, manipulating, and detecting quantum states of light, atoms, and other quantum systems. Here we experimentally perform rapid optical quantumnoise-limited measurements of the position of a mechanical oscillator by using pulses of light with a duration much shorter than a period of mechanical motion. Using this back-action evading interaction we performed both state preparation and full state tomography of the mechanical motional state. We have reconstructed mechanical states with a position uncertainty reduced to 19 pm, limited by the quantum fluctuations of the optical pulse, and we have performed 'cooling-by-measurement' to reduce the mechanical mode temperature from an initial 1100 K to 16 K. Future improvements to this technique may allow for quantum squeezing of mechanical motion, even from room temperature, and reconstruction of non-classical states exhibiting negative regions in their phase-space quasi-probability distribution.Experiments are now beginning to investigate nonclassical motion of massive mechanical devices [1][2][3]. This opens up new perspectives for quantum-physics enhanced applications and for tests of the foundations of physics. A versatile approach to manipulate mechanical states of motion is provided by the interaction with electromagnetic radiation, typically confined to microwave or optical cavities. Such cavity-optomechanics experiments [4][5][6][7][8] have thus far largely concentrated on high sensitivity continuous monitoring of the mechanical position [9][10][11][12][13][14]. Because of the back-action imparted by the probe onto the measured object, the precision of such a measurement is fundamentally constrained by the standard quantum limit (SQL) [15,16], and therefore only allows for classical phase-space reconstruction [9,17,18]. In order to observe quantum mechanical features that are smaller than the mechanical zero-point motion, backaction-evading measurement techniques that can surpass the SQL [19,20] are required. Following the early insights of Braginsky, beating the standard quantum limit 'can be achieved only in one way: design the probe so it "sees" only the measured observable ' [15]. Such backaction evading techniques were first realized for the detection of optical quadratures [21][22][23] and have since been used for, e.g. precision measurement of atomic ensemble spin [24][25][26][27][28] and quantum non-demolition microwave photon counting [29]. In optomechanics, to perform a back-action evading measurement of the mechanical position, a time-dependent measurement scheme is required. One prominent example is the so-called 'two-tone app...

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“…We also find that the bandwidth where optimal sensitivity is maintained is proportional to the cavity damping in the resolved sideband regime. Finally, the squeezing spectrum of the output signal is calculated, and it shows almost perfect squeezing at DC is possible by using a high quality factor and low thermal phonon-number mechanical oscillator.Dramatic progress in coupling mechanics to light [1][2][3][4] suggests that such devices may be used in a wide variety of settings to explore quantum effects in macroscopic systems. Furthermore, such systems can be exquisitely sensitive to small perturbations, such as forces induced either by acceleration as in accelerometer [5] or by, e.g., coupling to surfaces or fields as in atomic force microscopy [6].…”

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confidence: 99%

Squeezing in a coupled two-mode optomechanical system for force sensing below the standard quantum limit

Taylor

2014

Phys. Rev. A

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Optomechanics allows the transduction of weak forces to optical fields, with many efforts approaching the standard quantum limit. We consider force-sensing using a mirror-in-the-middle setup and use two coupled cavity modes originated from normal mode splitting for separating pump and probe fields. We find that this two-mode model can be reduced to an effective single-mode model, if we drive the pump mode strongly and detect the signal from the weak probe mode. The optimal force detection sensitivity at zero frequency (DC) is calculated and we show that one can beat the standard quantum limit by driving the cavity close to instability. The best sensitivity achievable is limited by mechanical thermal noise and by optical losses. We also find that the bandwidth where optimal sensitivity is maintained is proportional to the cavity damping in the resolved sideband regime. Finally, the squeezing spectrum of the output signal is calculated, and it shows almost perfect squeezing at DC is possible by using a high quality factor and low thermal phonon-number mechanical oscillator.Dramatic progress in coupling mechanics to light [1][2][3][4] suggests that such devices may be used in a wide variety of settings to explore quantum effects in macroscopic systems. Furthermore, such systems can be exquisitely sensitive to small perturbations, such as forces induced either by acceleration as in accelerometer [5] or by, e.g., coupling to surfaces or fields as in atomic force microscopy [6]. For such force measurements, a high quality factor (Q) mechanical oscillator acts as a test mass, transducing a force into a time-dependent displacement of the oscillator [7,8]. By using interferometric techniques to monitor the position of the oscillator, one can infer the force via optical signals. However, the radiation pressure coupling between the mechanical mode and optical mode has three consequences: photon shot noise, quantum backaction and dynamical backaction [1,9]. The dynamical backaction modifies the oscillator dynamics [10] and makes laser cooling [11,12] or amplification of phonons [13] in the mechanical system possible. Photon shot noise and quantum backaction, the former decreases with increasing input laser power while the latter increases with increasing input laser power, introduce two sources of noise on the displacement readout of the oscillator motion. An optimal compromise between these two noise sources leads to the standard quantum limit (SQL) in force sensing [7].The SQL, however, is itself not a fundamental limit. By using squeezed states of light [14], employing quantum nondemolition (QND) measurement [15], or by cavity detuning [16], the SQL can be surpassed. Here we show that in a coupled two-mode optomechanical system, if we drive it appropriately, the interaction between cavity photons and the mechanical oscillator will generate squeezed states of the output light. Measuring an appropriate quadrature of the output light field, we would get fewer fluctuations than that of the vacuum state, which makes it possib...

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Quantum optomechanics

Abstract: Aided by optical cavitiesand superconductingcircuits, researchers are coaxing ever-larger objects to wiggle, shake, and flex in ways that are distinctly quantum mechanical.

Cited by 413 publications

References 40 publications

A Gravitational Aharonov-Bohm Effect, and Its Connection to Parametric Oscillators and Gravitational Radiation

A Gravitational Aharonov-Bohm Effect, and Its Connection to Parametric Oscillators and Gravitational Radiation

Cooling-by-measurement and mechanical state tomography via pulsed optomechanics

Squeezing in a coupled two-mode optomechanical system for force sensing below the standard quantum limit

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