Quantum polarimetry

Goldberg, Aaron Z.

doi:10.1016/bs.po.2022.01.001

Cited by 9 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 356 publications

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“…Classically, a quasi-monochromatic beam of light is represented by the "Stokes vector" pointing somewhere within the unit sphere named after Poincaré, while a qubit state such as a single photon's polarization state is represented by a "Bloch vector" lying within Bloch's sphere. Intuition says that a single photon chosen at random from a classical beam of light should have its Bloch vector correspond to the Stokes vector of the entire beam, and this is indeed the case [33]. What happens when more than one photon is selected, especially in the case of quantum polarization where there is more polarization information encoded beyond the Stokes vector [34][35][36]?…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Correlations for subsets of particles in symmetric states: what photons are doing within a beam of light when the rest are ignored

Goldberg

2024

Optica Quantum

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Given a state of light, how do its properties change when only some of the constituent photons are observed and the rest are neglected (traced out)? By developing formulas for mode-agnostic removal of photons from a beam, we show how the expectation value of any operator changes when only q photons are inspected from a beam, ignoring the rest. We use this to re-express expectation values of operators in terms of the state obtained by randomly selecting q photons. Remarkably, this only equals the true expectation value for a unique value of q: expressing the operator as a monomial in normally ordered form, q must be equal to the number of photons annihilated by the operator. A useful corollary is that the coefficients of any q-photon state chosen at random from an arbitrary state are exactly the qth-order correlations of the original state; one can inspect the intensity moments to learn what any random photon will be doing and, conversely, one need only look at the n-photon subspace to discern what all of the nth-order correlation functions are. The astute reader will be pleased to find no surprises here, only mathematical justification for intuition. Our results hold for any completely symmetric state of any type of particle with any combination of numbers of particles and can be used wherever bosonic correlations are found.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Correlations for subsets of particles in symmetric states: what photons are doing within a beam of light when the rest are ignored

Goldberg

2024

Optica Quantum

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“…6,7 The knowledge about the object under study that can be thus acquired is then widely employed for optical biomedical diagnostics, [8][9][10] the control of nonlinear phenomena, 11 fundamental studies, 12 technical characterization, 13,14 and remote sensing, 15 as well as for currently expanding quantum technologies in the fields of communication, computing, and metrology. 16,17 A comprehensive characterization in terms of polarization is enabled by the well-acknowledged techniques of classical optics-Stokes and Mueller polarimetry 18 -which are based on projective analysis of the polarization state or its change. Here, the retrieval of the complete information on the sample's polarization behavior implies illumination of the specimen with different polarization states and interpretation of the output intensity modulation detected for several polarization projections.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Nonlocal quantum differentiation between polarization objects using entanglement

Besaga,

Zhang,

Vega

et al. 2024

APL Photonics

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For a wide range of applications, a fast, non-destructive, remote, and sensitive identification of samples with predefined characteristics is preferred instead of their full characterization. In this work, we report on the experimental implementation of a nonlocal quantum measurement scheme, which allows for differentiation among samples out of a predefined set of transparent and birefringent objects in a distant optical channel. The measurement is enabled by application of polarization-entangled photon pairs and is based on remote state preparation. On an example set of more than 80 objects characterized by different Mueller matrices, we show that only two coincidence measurements are already sufficient for successful discrimination. The number of measurements needed for sample differentiation is significantly decreased compared to a comprehensive polarimetric analysis. Our results demonstrate the potential of this polarization detection method for polarimetric applications in biomedical diagnostics, remote sensing, and other classification/detection tasks.

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“…THz-TDS is, in essence, a polarimetric measurement, and its sensitivity could therefore be improved by applying quantum metrology strategies aimed at overcoming the shot-noise limit in polarization and phase sensing [ 16 ], as also recently theoretically proposed in [ 17 ]. The discrete variable quantum metrology approaches conventionally applied to polarimetry exploit quantum resources such as NOON [ 18 ] and Fock states [ 19 , 20 ]. They rely on single-photon detectors and squeezed vacuum states (photon pairs) generated by parametric down-conversion (PDC) in second-order nonlinear crystals.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Electro-Optical Sampling of Single-Cycle THz Fields with Single-Photon Detectors

Shields

Dada

Hirsch

et al. 2022

Sensors

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Electro-optical sampling of Terahertz fields with ultrashort pulsed probes is a well-established approach for directly measuring the electric field of THz radiation. This technique usually relies on balanced detection to record the optical phase shift brought by THz-induced birefringence. The sensitivity of electro-optical sampling is, therefore, limited by the shot noise of the probe pulse, and improvements could be achieved using quantum metrology approaches using, e.g., NOON states for Heisenberg-limited phase estimation. We report on our experiments on THz electro-optical sampling using single-photon detectors and a weak squeezed vacuum field as the optical probe. Our approach achieves field sensitivity limited by the probe state statistical properties using phase-locked single-photon detectors and paves the way for further studies targeting quantum-enhanced THz sensing.

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Quantum polarimetry

Cited by 9 publications

References 356 publications

Correlations for subsets of particles in symmetric states: what photons are doing within a beam of light when the rest are ignored

Correlations for subsets of particles in symmetric states: what photons are doing within a beam of light when the rest are ignored

Nonlocal quantum differentiation between polarization objects using entanglement

Electro-Optical Sampling of Single-Cycle THz Fields with Single-Photon Detectors

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