Quantum Random Numbers Generated by a Cloud Superconducting Quantum Computer

Abstract

A cloud quantum computer is similar to a random number generator in that its physical mechanism is inaccessible to its users. In this respect, a cloud quantum computer is a black box. In both devices, its users decide the device condition from the output. A framework to achieve this exists in the field of random number generation in the form of statistical tests for random number generators. In the present study, we generated random numbers on a 20-qubit cloud quantum computer and evaluated the condition and stability of its qubits using statistical tests for random number generators. As a result, we observed that some qubits were more biased than others. Statistical tests for random number generators may provide a simple indicator of qubit condition and stability, enabling users to decide for themselves which qubits inside a cloud quantum computer to use.

On the effects of biased quantum random numbers on the initialization of artificial neural networks

“…However, within the scope of this work, the reason for this observation cannot be further investigated and we accept it as an integral part of our naive approach to the B-QRNG. A more detailed study of the properties of our setup (applied to a different quantum hardware) can be found in Tamura and Shikano (2021), which contains similar observations.…”

“…However, since we run the circuit on real quantum hardware, we can expect to obtain random numbers which deviate from these idealized outcomes due to hardware-related errors. An analogous setup with a different backend is considered in Shikano et al (2020), Tamura and Shikano (2021).…”

“…In particular, they have not discussed the statistical properties of the generated quantum numbers. Due to technical imperfections and physical phenomena like decoherence and dissipation, measurement results from a quantum computer might in fact significantly deviate from idealized theoretical predictions (Shikano et al, 2020, Tamura andShikano, 2021). This raises the question of whether it is not the superiority of the quantum random number generator to sample perfectly random from the uniform distribution that leads to the observed effect, but instead its ability to sample bit strings from a very particular distribution that is imposed by the quantum hardware.…”

Detecting Temporal Correlation via Quantum Random Number Generation

“…Several implementations of QRNGs on programmable quantum computers have been tested [17,18]. Since none of the generated output sequences are ideal random numbers without applying information processing, programmable quantum computers available today give noisy results.…”

The Reference Distributions of Maurer’s Universal Statistical Test and Its Improved Tests

“…On the other hand, the randomness test has a merit that we can adapt the test for any sequences regardless of their generators. For instance, Tamura and Shikano used randomness tests to inspect the properties of a quantum computer developed by IBM [1].…”