Quantum random oracle model for quantum digital signature

Abstract

Security analysis of quantum cryptographic protocols is mostly presented with situational quantum attacks and still lacks general analysis methods. As an effective analysis tool in classical cryptography, the random oracle (RO) model has been used to design cryptographic protocols and give rigorous proofs of security over 20 years. In this work, with reference to the classical RO model, we provide a general security analysis tool, namely, the quantum random oracle (QRO), for facilitating the security analysis of quantum cryptographic protocols, especially protocols based on quantum one-way function. QRO is used to model quantum one-way function and different queries to QRO are used to model quantum attacks. A typical application of quantum one-way function is the quantum digital signature, whose progress has been hampered by the slow pace of the experimental realization. Alternatively, we use the QRO model to analyze the provable security of a quantum digital signature scheme and elaborate the analysis procedure. This work is presented in detail in [1].

Quantum Random Oracle Model for Quantum Public-Key Encryption

“…al. [18]. In this QRO model, all parties including an adversary can query a classical random number generator for classical random bits, a quantum random oracle for random qubits and a measurement device for the comparison result of quantum states.…”

“…In fact, the secret key is generated locally in the QPKE or the QDS protocols, and this step will not be explored in any classical or quantum communication. Removing G does not violate the security proof in [18]. We mainly focus on possible attacks to quantum hash functions.…”

“…In next sections, the QRO in Definition 5 will be utilized for security analysis. We denote that the corollaries in [18] still hold in the adjusted QRO model.…”

“…A well-defined QRO can reasonably simulate a quantum hash function in term of protocol designing. The attempt of constructing a QRO model has been made in [18] for cryptanalysis of quantum digital signature (QDS).…”

Secure and practical multiparty quantum digital signatures

“…To further improve practicality, two independent QDS protocols without secure quantum channels were proposed and proved to be secure, which are based on non-orthogonal encoding [17] and orthogonal encoding [18], respectively. After these two protocols, numerous excellent achievements of QDS have been made theoretically and experimentally [19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27][28][29][30][31][32][33][34][35]. Protocols based on orthogonal encoding [18,19,33] need additional symmetrization step which results in extra channels.…”