Quantum Redshift Rejects Dark Energy and the Theory of Accelerating Expansion of the Universe

Advanced special relativity part I: investigating Einstein’s special relativity at speeds slower than the speed of light and higher temperatures using the quantum structure of electromagnetic waves

“…In the Advanced special relativity (ASR), the capacity of dimensions 𝑑 1 , 𝑑 2 , 𝑑 3 , 𝑑 4 , 𝑑 5 , … 𝑑 𝑛 for carrying quanta energies is a capacity series, and their values are equal to: 1, 𝑐, 𝑐 2 , 𝑐 3 , 𝑐 4 , … , 𝑐 𝑛−2 , and the capacity of absorbing quanta energy in each dimension is c times the capacity of the previous dimension. Hence, an n-dimensional particle forms its structure from net energy at the first dimension and converts its structure to the upper dimensions step by step.…”

“…1, 𝑐, 𝑐 2 , 𝑐 3 , 𝑐 4 , … , 𝑐 𝑛−2 where c is a number [c]=1, and its value is equal to the speed of light.…”

“…Also, the vectorial summation of the previous speeds of the lower dimensions exceeds the speed of light. On the other hand, already we have rejected the expansion of space [4] and cannot use expanding of the universe as a hidden speed to address this issue.…”