Quantum regime of a free-electron laser: relativistic approach

Abstract

reference, we now pursue a model in the laboratory frame employing relativistic quantum electrodynamics.

Realizing quantum free-electron lasers: a critical analysis of experimental challenges and theoretical limits

“…According to eqs. (19) and (26) this choice allows to define the sweet spot between the contrary energy spread and transverse emittance requirements for some electron source. Figure 5(b) illustrates the scaling of these requirements in dependence of the electron energy.…”

“…(22), (25), (32) Quantum FEL constraints Relative electron bunch energy spread (19), (19) ∆γ γ ≤ Γ Norm. emittance limit for transverse coherence (26) ε n =ε γλFEL 2π , withε ∈ [0.5 . .…”

“…The interaction can also be described in the laboratory frame [26], as shown in Fig.1(b). An electron with initial energy γ gains energy by absorbing an undulator photon, while loosing the momentum k u due to the opposite direction of light propagation.…”

Spin-dependent two-photon Bragg scattering in the Kapitza-Dirac effect

“…A further discussion about spin-dependent electron diffraction scenarios in laser fields is carried out in the outlook section V at the end of this article. We also point out other theoretical investigations of electron spin dynamics in strong laser fields [52][53][54][55][56][57][58][59][60][61][62][63] as well as spin-independent electron diffraction scenarios with a controlled phasespace construction [64][65][66][67].…”

Evaluation-oriented exploration of photo energy conversion systems: from fundamental optoelectronics and material screening to the combination with data science

“…Electron paramagnetic resonance (or electron spin resonance) [31,32] and nuclear magnetic resonance [33,34] using GHz and MHz (10 6 s −1 ) EMWs, respectively, in the presence of an external magnetic field provide partial information linked to the dynamic behaviors of molecules and short-lived species. A pulsed X-ray [its frequency is EHz (10 18 s −1 )] from a free electron laser is currently used to study ultrafast structural dynamics [35,36]. Owing to the high transmittances of EMWs in a free space (vacuum, air, and gas), these spectroscopies allow electrodeless measurements, in contrast to normal contact-mode measurements such as device characterization and MHz impedance spectroscopy that require metal electrodes to apply voltage and/or extract charges from a semiconductor.…”