Quantum secure direct communication based on order rearrangement of single photons

Abstract

Based on the ideal of order rearrangement and block transmission of photons, we present a quantum secure direct communication scheme using single photons. The security of the present scheme is ensured by quantum no-cloning theory and the secret transmitting order of photons. The present scheme is efficient in that all of the polarized photons are used to transmit the sender's secret message except those chosen for eavesdropping check. We also generalize this scheme to a multiparty controlled quantum secret direct communication scheme which the sender's secret message can only be recovered by the receiver under the permission of all the controllers. PACS numbers: 03.67.Dd, 03.67.HkQuantum cryptography has been one of the most promising applications of quantum information science. It utilizes quantum effects to provide unconditionally secure information exchange. Since the first QKD protocol was proposed by Benneett and Brassard in 1984 [1], quantum key distribution (QKD) which provides unconditionally secure key exchange has progressed quickly.

Quantum Direct Communication

“…In the case that the transmission is secure, Bob exposes the secret order and then Alice can obtain the secret message with Bell-state measurements on the other EPR pairs after recovering their original orders. Subsequently, a DSQC protocol was proposed with single photons based on the secret transmitting order of particles [22], following some ideas in Refs [6,12]. The receiver Alice prepares a sequence of single photons (i.e., ordered N single photons) which are randomly in one of the four states {|0〉, |1〉, |+〉, |-〉} and sends the sequence to Bob.…”

“…Alice reads out Bob's message with single-photon measurements using the basis she prepared the photons. These two DSQC protocols [21,22] using transmitting order rearranging method are simple as they only require one eavesdropping check. However, there is a security loophole because they both are two-way quantum communication protocols.…”

Robust quantum secure direct communication with a quantum one-time pad over a collective-noise channel

“…Now, QSDC is generalized to a network [23][24][25][26]. There is another branch of quantum direct communication, named deterministic secure quantum communication (DSQC) [24], which is also considered as quantum secure direct communication in previous work [34][35][36][37][38][39][40][41][42][43][44][45][46][47].…”

Deterministic secure quantum communication without unitary operation based on high-dimensional entanglement swapping

“…In 2002, Beige et al [28] put forward another DSQC scheme based on single photon two-qubits states. Thereafter, DSQC has been developing quickly [25,[29][30][31][32][33][34][35][36]. Particularly, Li et al [37] presented a DSQC protocol based on highdimensional single particles and high-dimensional unitary operations in 2006.…”