Quantum Signature Scheme Using a Single Qubit Rotation Operator

Abstract

We present a quantum signature scheme using a single qubit rotation operator. In this protocol, the trusted center confirms the quantum signature and thus conforms with other quantum signature schemes. Utilizing the unitary properties of a single qubit rotation operator and Pauli operators, our protocol provides signature security and enhances the efficiency of communication. In addition, our protocol -using only a single qubit measurement -facilitates the ease of implementation and enhances convenience for users. The security of the protocol is analyzed.

Experimental Quantum Message Authentication with Single Qubit Unitary Operation

“…Zhang et al, however, showed that the (I, H)-type quantum encryption is not secure for improved Gao's forgery [49,50]. We [19,34] overcome the original Gao's forgery [46] or the improved Gao's forgery [49,50] with quantum encryption σ k i AB H k i H , which randomly uses operator H. Here, the number of all possible cases of quantum encryption…”

“…Shamir's three pass protocol has the advantage that two parties, e.g., Alice and Bob, can share information without exposing their own private keys. In the implementation, the central idea is that the commutative property [19] of exponential operation in Shamir's three-pass protocol is implemented using single-qubit rotation operators consisting of linear combinations of wave plates. To our knowledge, this is the first time a quantum message authentication protocol has been proposed using the quantum three-pass protocol, though other applications of the quantum three-pass protocol, such as direct communication [32], quantum key distribution [30], and quantum signature [19], have been proposed theoretically.…”

“…, s N ), which consists of the degrees of rotation aboutŷ-axis from | S d = ⊗ N i=1 R y (s i )| M d in Equation (4). However, the security of Alice's private key sequence S is guaranteed by Holevo's theorem, as follows [19,32]:…”

“…Those protocols provide unconditional confidentiality based on the principle that an arbitrary unknown quantum state cannot be copied and that quantum measurement is irreversible [7][8][9][10]. On the other hand, many researchers have also studied how to use these secret keys in quantum message authentication [11][12][13], arbitrated quantum signature [14][15][16][17][18][19], or quantum digital signature [20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27][28][29], providing authentication, integrity, and non-repudiation.…”

“…In this paper, we introduce a simple and practical quantum message authentication protocol with a quantum three-pass protocol [30][31][32][33] and a quantum encryption scheme [19,34]. This protocol is a lightweight to simplify the implementation by removing an arbitrator from our proposed quantum signature protocol [19]. Here, the quantum three-pass protocol is the quantum version of Shamir's three-pass protocol [1,35], and quantum encryption scheme is to prevent existential forgery, called Gao's forgery.…”