Quark coalescence for charmed mesons in ultrarelativistic heavy-ion collisions

Greco, V.; Ko, Che Ming; Rapp, Ralf

doi:10.1016/j.physletb.2004.06.064

Cited by 344 publications

(391 citation statements)

References 41 publications

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“…Due to the large error bars this has to be verified when more precise data is available. Note that our present findings are different from previous approaches that assume incomplete thermalization of the charm [18][19][20][21]. We also verified our findings within a Boltzmann approach to coalescence [20] using our parametrizations and received similar results.…”

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confidence: 87%

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Negative elliptic flow of J/ψ’s: A qualitative signature for charm collectivity at RHIC

Krieg

Bleicher

2008

Eur. Phys. J. A

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Abstract. We discuss one of the most prominent features of the very recent preliminary elliptic flow data of J/ψ-mesons from the PHENIX Collaboration (PHENIX Collaboration (C. Silvestre), arXiv:0806.0475 [nucl-ex]). Even within the rather large error bars of the measured data a negative elliptic flow parameter (v 2) for J/ψ in the range of pT = 0.5-2.5 GeV/c is visible. We argue that this negative elliptic flow at intermediate p T is a clear and qualitative signature for the collectivity of charm quarks produced in nucleus-nucleus reactions at RHIC. Within a parton recombination approach we show that a negative elliptic flow puts a lower limit on the collective transverse velocity of heavy quarks. The numerical value of the transverse flow velocity β T for charm quarks that is necessary to reproduce the data is β T (charm) ∼ 0.55-0.6c and therefore compatible with the flow of light quarks. PACS/n q ), with n q being the number of constituent quarks in the respective hadron as well as the observation of jet quenching at intermediate transverse momenta [4][5][6]. Together with the "standard" hydrodynamical interpretation this implies a rapid thermalization and a strong collective flow of the QCD matter created at RHIC. However, open questions remain: how can one obtain a consistent description of the high-p T suppression and the elliptic flow of heavy flavour quarks and hadrons. I.e. is the collectivity at RHIC restricted to light quarks (up, down, strange) or do even charm (bottom) quarks participate in the collective expansion of the partonic system and reach local kinetic equilibrium?Previously, it was assumed that local equilibrium of (heavy) quarks could not be achieved within pQCD transport simulations. In fact, older studies [7] based on a parton cascade dynamics restricted to 2 ↔ 2 parton interactions seemed to indicate that the opacity needed to achieve a e-mail: krieg@th.physik.uni-frankfurt.de local equilibrium would be at least an order of magnitude higher than pQCD estimates. However, recent stateof-the-art parton cascade calculations (including 2 ↔ 3 parton interactions) have clearly shown that pQCD crosssections are sufficient to reach local (gluon) equilibrium and allow to describe the measured elliptic flow data [8][9][10][11].The aim of the present letter is to investigate whether also the charm quark does locally equilibrate and therefore follows the flow of the light quarks. Here we will focus on the J/ψ because it reflects the momentum distribution of the charm quarks directly, in addition first experimental data on the J/ψ elliptic flow just became available. We will show that the recently measured negative elliptic flow of J/ψ's provides a unique lower bound on the charm quark's collective velocity.Under the assumption of local equilibration of light quarks a hydrodynamic parametrization of the freeze-out hyper-surface to parametrize the quark emission function, namely the blast-wave model, can be employed. For the charm quarks, the same emission function is used, however, with the transver...

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supporting

confidence: 87%

“…When comparing it to the non-photonic electron v 2 , our calculations fail to predict the data [17]. These two observables have been predicted to be similiar [18], since the non-photonic electrons are mainly from D-meson decays, but with a small contribution of B-meson decays. But the electron elliptic flow is no straightforward probe for the D 0 v 2 .…”

mentioning

confidence: 65%

Negative elliptic flow of J/ψ’s: A qualitative signature for charm collectivity at RHIC

Krieg

Bleicher

2008

Eur. Phys. J. A

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“…At low and intermediate p T , the v 2 of heavy-flavour hadrons and their decay products is also expected to be sensitive to the heavy-quark hadronisation mechanism. Hadronisation via the recombination of heavy quarks with light quarks from the thermalized medium could further increase the elliptic flow of heavy-flavour hadrons and their decay products [38][39][40]. At high p T the v 2 measurements can constrain the path-length dependence of the in-medium parton energy loss, which is different for radiative [7,8] and collisional [9-11] energy loss mechanisms.…”

Section: Jhep09(2016)028mentioning

confidence: 99%

Elliptic flow of electrons from heavy-flavour hadron decays at mid-rapidity in Pb-Pb collisions at s N N = 2.76 $$ \sqrt{{\mathrm{s}}_{\mathrm{NN}}}=2.76 $$ TeV

Adam¹,

Adamová²,

Aggarwal³

et al. 2016

J. High Energ. Phys.

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Abstract:The elliptic flow of electrons from heavy-flavour hadron decays at mid-rapidity (|y| < 0.7) is measured in Pb-Pb collisions at √ s NN = 2.76 TeV with ALICE at the LHC. The particle azimuthal distribution with respect to the reaction plane can be parametrized with a Fourier expansion, where the second coefficient (v 2 ) represents the elliptic flow. The v 2 coefficient of inclusive electrons is measured in three centrality classes (0-10%, 10-20% and 20-40%) with the event plane and the scalar product methods in the transverse momentum (p T ) intervals 0.5-13 GeV/c and 0.5-8 GeV/c, respectively. After subtracting the background, mainly from photon conversions and Dalitz decays of neutral mesons, a positive v 2 of electrons from heavy-flavour hadron decays is observed in all centrality classes, with a maximum significance of 5.9σ in the interval 2 < p T < 2.5 GeV/c in semicentral collisions (20-40%). The value of v 2 decreases towards more central collisions at low and intermediate p T (0.5 < p T < 3 GeV/c). The v 2 of electrons from heavy-flavour hadron decays at mid-rapidity is found to be similar to the one of muons from heavy-flavour hadron decays at forward rapidity (2.5 < y < 4). The results are described within uncertainties by model calculations including substantial elastic interactions of heavy quarks with an expanding strongly-interacting medium. The ALICE collaboration 34 Keywords: Heavy Ion Experiments IntroductionThe main goal of the ALICE [1] experiment is the study of strongly-interacting matter at the high energy density and temperature reached in ultra-relativistic heavy-ion collisions at the Large Hadron Collider (LHC). In these collisions the formation of a deconfined state of quarks and gluons, the Quark-Gluon Plasma (QGP), is predicted by Quantum ChromoDynamic (QCD) calculations on the lattice [2][3][4][5][6]. Because of their large masses, heavy quarks, i.e. charm (c) and beauty (b) quarks, are produced at the initial stage of the collision, almost exclusively in hard partonic scattering processes. Therefore, they interact with the medium in all phases of the system evolution, propagating through the hot and dense medium and losing energy via radiative [7,8] and collisional scattering [9][10][11] processes. Heavy-flavour hadrons and their decay products are thus effective probes to study the properties of the medium created in heavy-ion collisions. Heavy-quark energy loss in strongly-interacting matter can be studied via the modification of the transverse momentum (p T ) spectra of heavy-flavour hadrons and their decay products in heavy-ion collisions with respect to the proton-proton yield scaled by the number of binary nucleon-nucleon collisions, quantified by the nuclear modification factor (R AA ). A strong suppression of open charm hadrons and heavy-flavour decay leptons is observed for p T > 3 GeV/c in central collisions, both at RHIC ( √ s NN = 200 GeV) [12][13][14][15][16] -1 - JHEP09(2016)028and LHC ( √ s NN = 2.76 TeV) [17][18][19][20] energies. The PHENIX and STAR Collabor...

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“…It has been pointed out that details in the hadronization process may have a strong impact on the observed heavy meson spectra [29,[39][40][41][42][43]. The influence of hadronic interactions after the QGP decays on heavy meson observables has also been explored in Refs.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Energy loss, hadronization, and hadronic interactions of heavy flavors in relativistic heavy-ion collisions

2015

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We construct a theoretical framework to describe the evolution of heavy flavors produced in relativistic heavy-ion collisions. The in-medium energy loss of heavy quarks is described using our modified Langevin equation that incorporates both quasi-elastic scatterings and the medium-induced gluon radiation. The space-time profiles of the fireball is described by a (2+1)-dimensional hydrodynamics simulation. A hybrid model of fragmentation and coalescence is utilized for heavy quark hadronization, after which the produced heavy mesons together with the soft hadrons produced from the bulk QGP are fed into the hadron cascade UrQMD model to simulate the subsequent hadronic interactions. We find that the medium-induced gluon radiation contributes significantly to heavy quark energy loss at high pT; heavy-light quark coalescence enhances heavy meson production at intermediate pT; and scatterings inside the hadron gas further suppress the D meson RAA at large pT and enhance its v2. Our calculations provide good descriptions of heavy meson suppression and elliptic flow observed at both the LHC and RHIC.

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Quark coalescence for charmed mesons in ultrarelativistic heavy-ion collisions

Cited by 344 publications

References 41 publications

Negative elliptic flow of J/ψ’s: A qualitative signature for charm collectivity at RHIC

Negative elliptic flow of J/ψ’s: A qualitative signature for charm collectivity at RHIC

Elliptic flow of electrons from heavy-flavour hadron decays at mid-rapidity in Pb-Pb collisions at s N N = 2.76 $$ \sqrt{{\mathrm{s}}_{\mathrm{NN}}}=2.76 $$ TeV

Energy loss, hadronization, and hadronic interactions of heavy flavors in relativistic heavy-ion collisions

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