Quarries and transportation routes of Angkor monument sandstone blocks

Uchida, Etsuo; Shimoda, Ichita

doi:10.1016/j.jas.2012.09.036

Cited by 21 publications

(21 citation statements)

References 8 publications

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“…The quarries between Beng Mealea and Phnom Kulen, for example, have been the subject of inquiry since the 19th century, and are generally recognised as the main source of sandstone for Angkor's monuments. Canals have been traced linking the quarries to central Angkor (Boulbet, 1979;Evans et al, 2007) and one recent study (Uchida and Shimoda, 2013) reported the 'discovery' of 'more than 50' discrete quarries in the area, with distinct groupings of individual quarries with different sandstone characteristics. In reality, as the new data clearly show (Fig.…”

Section: Beng Mealea Phnom Kulen and Northern Angkormentioning

confidence: 99%

Airborne laser scanning as a method for exploring long-term socio-ecological dynamics in Cambodia

Evans¹

2016

Journal of Archaeological Science

106

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a b s t r a c tEarly Khmer societies developed extensive settlement complexes that were largely made of non-durable materials. These fragile urban areas perished many centuries ago, and thus a century and a half of scholarly research has focussed on the more durable components of Khmer culture, in particular the famous temples and the texts and works of art that are normally found within them. In recent years however there has been a considerable effort to broaden the perspective beyond conventional approaches to Khmer history and archaeology. Remarkable advances have been made in the domain of remote sensing and archaeological mapping, including the application of advanced geospatial techniques such as airborne laser scanning within studies of heritage landscapes at Angkor and beyond. This article describes the most recent applications of the technology in Cambodia, including the results of a newlycompleted campaign of airborne laser scanning in 2015dthe most extensive acquisition ever undertaken by an archaeological projectdand underscores the importance of using these methods as part of a problem-oriented research program that speaks to broader issues within history and archaeology.

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Section: Beng Mealea Phnom Kulen and Northern Angkormentioning

confidence: 99%

Airborne laser scanning as a method for exploring long-term socio-ecological dynamics in Cambodia

Evans¹

2016

Journal of Archaeological Science

106

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“…Given that magnetic susceptibility of the sandstones used in the Angkor monuments was very useful in determining the construction sequence of the sandstone buildings and the provenance of the sandstone blocks (Uchida et al, 2003(Uchida et al, , 2007(Uchida et al, , 2013, we applied this technique to bricks in this study. The magnetic susceptibility measurements were conducted non-destructively, using a portable magnetic susceptibility meter (SM30; ZH Instruments, Brno, Czech Republic).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Construction Sequence of the Koh Ker Monuments Constrained by the Chemical Composition and Magnetic Susceptibility of Its Bricks

Uchida¹,

Sakurai²

2018

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“…In contrast, the gray to yellowish-brown sandstones used in the Angkor monuments, which are feldspathic arenites supplied from the southeastern foot of Mt. Kulen, have higher average magnetic susceptibilities, with values in the range of 0.7-9.1 × 10 −3 SI units [14,15,17,18]. …”

Section: Magnetic Susceptibilitymentioning

confidence: 97%

“…Their contents were higher in the second stage (33-45 and 1240-1510 ppm) and the fourth stage (37-44 and 1330-1480 ppm). The fifth stage had the low to intermediate contents (18)(19)(20)(21)(22)(23)(24)(25)(26)(27)(28)(29)(30)(31)(32)(33)(34) and 1000-1360 ppm).…”

Section: Chemical Compositionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Determining the construction sequence of the Preah Vihear monument in Cambodia from its sandstone block characteristics

et al. 2017

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The Preah Vihear monument in Cambodia, located close to the border with Thailand, was one of the Khmer temples registered on the UNESCO World Heritage List as a Cultural Property in 2008. It consists of masonry buildings constructed of siliceous sandstone blocks. In this study, the construction sequence of its buildings was inferred from the chemical composition, magnetic susceptibility, and size of the sandstone blocks, along with pediment end style, and the presence or absence of reliefs on the tympana of adjacent buildings. Five construction stages were identified. We revealed that the Western Annex Hall (N2) is the oldest edifice in the Preah Vihear monument. We also reconfirmed that the Preah Vihear monument was constructed over a range of years, spanning the Bakheng style period to the Angkor Wat style period (the end of the 9th century to the end of 12th century). It was clarified that during the construction of Preah Vihear, the style of pediment ends changed from pediments ending in scrolls made from one block, to pediments ending in scrolls made from two blocks, and finally to pediments ending in five-headed nagas. Over the same time span, the size of the sandstone blocks used in construction increased markedly.

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Quarries and transportation routes of Angkor monument sandstone blocks

Cited by 21 publications

References 8 publications

Airborne laser scanning as a method for exploring long-term socio-ecological dynamics in Cambodia

Airborne laser scanning as a method for exploring long-term socio-ecological dynamics in Cambodia

Construction Sequence of the Koh Ker Monuments Constrained by the Chemical Composition and Magnetic Susceptibility of Its Bricks

Determining the construction sequence of the Preah Vihear monument in Cambodia from its sandstone block characteristics

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