Quartz frequency standards

Gerber, E.A.; Sykes, R.A.

doi:10.1109/proc.1967.5691

Cited by 23 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 46 publications

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“…The confinement in the lateral direction can be achieved by tailoring the dispersion properties of both the resonator and the surrounding area such that at the resonance frequency, and in a sufficiently wide frequency range around it, the surrounding medium does not support propagative wave modes, but rather features evanescent waves. The concept has been presented and applied successfully earlier also in quartz resonator technology [127,132,137]. will give valuable feedback to the device designer regarding whether or not the manufactured thin film layer stack behaves as expected.…”

Section: Outside Area Dispersion and Lateral Energy Trappingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Measurement of evanescent wave properties of a bulk acoustic wave resonator [Letters]

Kokkonen

Meltaus

Pensala

et al. 2012

IEEE Trans. Ultrason., Ferroelect., Freq. Contr.

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Aalto University publication series DOCTORAL DISSERTATIONS 112/2014 © Kimmo Kokkonen AbstractThe research summarized in this dissertation focuses on the development of a heterodyne scanning laser interferometer and of data-analysis techniques for the characterization and analysis of the surface vibration fields in microacoustic devices and test structures.The heterodyne laser interferometer enables a phase-sensitive, absolute-amplitude detection of the out-of-plane component of a surface vibration field, with a minimum detectable amplitude of less than a picometer, while the lateral resolution is better than 1 micrometer. The instrument features a flat frequency response up to 6 GHz.The phase-sensitive absolute-amplitude data enables the visualization of the actual wave behavior in electromechanical components and test structures, but more importantly, it is the basis for further analysis. The research instrument is applied to the study of electroacoustic devices based on surface acoustic wave (SAW) and bulk acoustic wave (BAW) technologies. Two novel SAW devices are studied in detail: a phononic crystal (PnC) structure and a scattering structure resulting in a random wave field. PnCs are acoustic metamaterials that can provide engineered material properties. The laser interferometric measurements were amongst the first to directly characterize the wave interaction with the PnC. SAW slowness curves of an anisotropic substrate material are extracted by measuring and analyzing the scattered random wave field. Data analysis methods are developed further in the context of BAW research by experimentally addressing two important aspects of device design: the correct operation of the acoustic reflector used to confine the energy in the resonator, and investigation of the role of the dispersion and standing wave resonances to the spurious responses often observed in high-Q resonators. Fourier transform techniques are used for selective visualization of wave fields and for the extraction of the dispersion characteristics of the plate-waves. The dispersion data are then further used to analyze the transfer characteristics of an acoustic reflector and to study the properties of lateral eigenresonances and the lateral energy confinement in detail.The research described in this thesis provides a detailed characterization of the operation of SAW and BAW devices and effects within, highlighting and further developing the experimental characterization capabilities and data-analysis methods.Keywords laser interferometry, microacoustics, surface acoustic waves, bulk acoustic waves Tiivistelmä Väitöskirjatyö käsittelee heterodyne-tyyppisen laserinterferometrin sekä interferometrin tuottaman datan analyysitekniikoiden kehittämistä pintavärähtelykenttien karakterisoimiseksi ja analysoimiseksi mikroakustisissa komponenteissa ja testirakenteissa.Työssä rakennettu heterodynelaserinterferometri mahdollistaa pintavärähtelyiden vaiheherkät absoluuttiamplitudimittaukset aina 6 GHz taajuuteen asti. Laitteisto kykenee värähtely-kenttien k...

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Section: Outside Area Dispersion and Lateral Energy Trappingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Measurement of evanescent wave properties of a bulk acoustic wave resonator [Letters]

Kokkonen

Meltaus

Pensala

et al. 2012

IEEE Trans. Ultrason., Ferroelect., Freq. Contr.

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“…For example, the drift rate for a precision quartz vibrator due to aging after initial stabilization may be on the order of 1 to 3 parts in 1010 per month [12]. Therefore, with 2 T= 0.25 second _ round-trip delay to synchronous orbit, the frequency error is about 3 parts in 101 7.…”

Section: System Output Filtermentioning

confidence: 99%

Preliminary Analysis of a Proposed High-Stability Frequency Standard Distribution System

Burns

1971

IEEE Trans. Aerosp. Electron. Syst.

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This paper presents the results of a preliminary analysis of a satellite-borne system for distributing a reference frequency over global distances with an accuracy and stability apparently at least as good as those of independent atomic standards. This system is designed to distribute an accurate time scale [1], which could be used for time keeping, but not for transmitting epoch information. Epoch synchronization via synchronous satellite has been accom-The most stable standards are the primary atomic frequency standards [31, [41, and these form the basis for some of the time scales in use [11, [51 . A stability of 1 part in 1014 for 30 minutes averaging time for a hydrogen maser has been reported [3]. To be worthwhile, any complex distribution system should be able to equal-if not surpassthis stability. AbstractA system for distributing a frequency reference, which involves the use of geostationary satellites and two-way microwave transmissions, seems capable of stabilities exceeding those of primary atomic standards. The principal sources of error are instabilities in oscillators in the system, imperfect geostationary orbits, additive noise, and radio propagation effects. Even extreme assumptions of propagation phase instability lead to very small errors. Thus the limitations on stability seem to be imposed by the hardware.

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“…Während der letzten Jahre sind zahlreiche Untersuchungen durchgeführt worden, die die Verbesserung der Langzeit-und der Kurzzeitstabilität quarzgesteuerter Oszillatoren als Ziel hatten [5]. Besonderes Augenmerk galt dabei der Auswirkung unterschiedlicher Umwelteinflüsse auf die Frequenzkonstanz.…”

Section: Quarz-frequenznormaleunclassified

Genaue Zeit- und Frequenzmessung

Krause¹

1968

Frequenz

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Quartz frequency standards

Cited by 23 publications

References 46 publications

Measurement of evanescent wave properties of a bulk acoustic wave resonator [Letters]

Measurement of evanescent wave properties of a bulk acoustic wave resonator [Letters]

Preliminary Analysis of a Proposed High-Stability Frequency Standard Distribution System

Genaue Zeit- und Frequenzmessung

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