Quasi-twodimensional electrodeposition: a summarized review on morphology and growth mechanisms

López-Tomàs, Laura; Mach, Jordi; Trigueros, Pedro Pablo; Mas, Francesc; Claret, Josep; Sagués, Francesc

doi:10.1016/0960-0779(95)80034-e

Cited by 12 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 17 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…Some examples in hydrodynamics include the Orr-Sommerfeld equation that predicts the dependence on Reynolds number of the transition from laminar flow to turbulent flow [4][5][6][7] and the electroconvective instability that causes the transition of a quasiequilibrium electric double layer to an nonequilibrium one that contains an additional extended space charge region [8]. Here, we focus on morphological stability analysis in which linear stability analysis is used to analyze morphological instabilities of interfaces formed between different phases observed in various diverse phenomena such as electrodeposition [2,[9][10][11][12][13][14][15], solidification [1][2][3]9] and morphogenesis [3,16]. Some particular examples of morphological stability analysis include the Saffman-Taylor instability (viscous fingering) [17][18][19][20], viscous fingering coupled with electrokinetic effects [21], the Mullins-Sekerka instability of a spherical particle during diffusion-controlled or thermally controlled growth [22] and of a planar interface during solidification of a dilute binary alloy [23,24], and control of phase separation using electro-autocatalysis or electro-autoinhibition in driven open electrochemical systems [25,26].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Linear Stability Analysis of Transient Electrodeposition in Charged Porous Media: Suppression of Dendritic Growth by Surface Conduction

Khoo

Zhao

Bazant

2019

J. Electrochem. Soc.

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

We study the linear stability of transient electrodeposition in a charged random porous medium, whose pore surface charges can be of any sign, flanked by a pair of planar metal electrodes. Discretization of the linear stability problem results in a generalized eigenvalue problem for the dispersion relation that is solved numerically, which agrees well with the analytical approximation obtained from a boundary layer analysis valid at high wavenumbers. Under galvanostatic conditions in which an overlimiting current is applied, in the classical case of zero surface charges, the electric field at the cathode diverges at Sand's time due to electrolyte depletion. The same phenomenon happens for positive charges but earlier than Sand's time. However, negative charges allow the system to sustain an overlimiting current via surface conduction past Sand's time, keeping the electric field bounded. Therefore, at Sand's time, negative charges greatly reduce surface instabilities and suppress dendritic growth, while zero and positive charges magnify them. We compare theoretical predictions for overall surface stabilization with published experimental data for copper electrodeposition in cellulose nitrate membranes and demonstrate good agreement between theory and experiment. We also apply the stability analysis to how crystal grain size varies with duty cycle during pulse electroplating.

show abstract

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Linear Stability Analysis of Transient Electrodeposition in Charged Porous Media: Suppression of Dendritic Growth by Surface Conduction

Khoo

Zhao

Bazant

2019

J. Electrochem. Soc.

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…28 Furthermore, the high chloroauric acid concentration could also increase the probability of particles reaching the shielded part. 22,35,38,39 Fractal dimension of the gold-deposited pattern, therefore, increases with increasing chloroauric acid concentration.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…22,28,31 On the other hand, the bubbles generated by the hydrogen evolution and chlorine evolution play a stirring role in the system, which also increases the probability of particles reaching the shielded part and promotes the growth of dendrites in multiple directions. 22,31,38,39 3.4. Trisodium Citrate Concentration.…”

Section: Hydrochloric Acid Concentrationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Gold Fractal Growth during Its Recycling from Waste Printed Circuit Boards by Slurry Electrolysis

Wang

Zeng

et al. 2022

ACS Sustainable Chem. Eng.

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Waste printed circuit boards, especially from mobile phones, possess an extremely higher resource value. The key to current electronic waste disposal is to efficiently recycle valuable and precious metals under the condition of ensuring its environmental friendliness. Slurry electrolysis has been identified to be an effective method to recover valuable and precious metals from waste printed circuit boards. Meanwhile, copper fractal growth causes higher energy consumption during this process and has been extensively investigated. However, the mechanism of precious metal fractal growth, especially gold, is still unclear. In this work, the factors that impact two-dimensional gold dendritic patterns are discussed in detail. These results indicate that increasing the applied voltage and chloroauric acid and hydrochloric acid concentrations could increase the probability of particle movement, which would enter the inner growing point due to the reduction of the tip shielding effect, further resulting in an increase in the fractal dimension. Additives, trisodium citrate and poly(vinylpyrrolidone) (PVP), can inhibit fractal growth to a certain extent by varying surface chemical properties. The minimum fractal dimension is 1.742 under the conditions of 0.12 mol/L chloroauric acid, 0.25 mol/L hydrochloric acid, 80 mg/L PVP, and 25 V. The diffusion-limited aggregation simulation result is consistent with the gold fractal growth experiment under the condition that the electrocrystallization time is significantly less than that of diffusion. The Materials Studio simulation result indicates that additives, PVP in particular, which provide particles with unique hydrogen bonding and steric hindrance, can promote the growth of gold atoms on crystal planes, especially the (111) crystal planes. Based on the results of fractal growth, the addition of 160 mg/L trisodium citrate and PVP to a slurry electrolysis recovery system of WPCB-MPs significantly increases the gold recovery rate and the current efficiency from 31.5, 0.2% to 77.9, 1.7% and 66.0, 2.2%, respectively. These results are conducive to further enriching the theory and enhancing the recovery of precious metals from e-waste by slurry electrolysis.

show abstract

“…6,17 The classification of structures arising from electrodeposition and delineation of the underlying fractal growth mechanisms are quite common in the literature. 9,11,18 Some dendritic patterns exhibit regularity, with distinct orientation preferences and branching angles, yet characterized by an intrinsic anisotropy of the deposited metal. 3,19 Crystallographic anisotropy of hexagonal zinc promotes the formation of dendrites, in contrast with the more isotropic cubic copper.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…[1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12] Such so-called dendritic structures provide typical examples of nonequilibrium pattern formation. [13][14][15] From a fractal point of view, metal electrodeposits are random, inexact fractals resulting from a diffusion-limited aggregation scenario.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Fractal structures in two-metal electrodeposition systems I: Pb and Zn

Nakouzi

Sultan

2011

Chaos: An Interdisciplinary Journal of Nonlinear Science

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Pattern formation in two-metal electrochemical deposition has been scarcely explored in the chemical literature. In this paper, we report new experiments on zinc-lead fractal co-deposition. Electrodeposits are grown in special cells at a fixed large value of the zinc ion concentration, while that of the lead ion is increased gradually. A very wide diversity of morphologies are obtained and classified. Most of the deposited domains are almost exclusively Pb or Zn. But certain regions originating at the base cathode, ranging from a short grass alley to dense, grown-up bushes or shrubs, manifest a combined Pb-Zn composition. Composition is determined using scanning electron microscopy/energy dispersive x ray measurements as well atomic absorption spectroscopy. Pb domains are characterized by shiny leaf-like and dense deposits as well as flowers with round, balloon-like corollas. The Zn zones display a greater variety of morphologies such as thick trunks and thin and fine branching, in addition to minute "cigar flower" structures. The various morphologies are analyzed and classified from the viewpoint of fractal nature, characterized by the box-count fractal dimension. Finally, macroscopic spatial alternation between two different characteristic morphologies is observed under certain conditions.

show abstract

Quasi-twodimensional electrodeposition: a summarized review on morphology and growth mechanisms

Cited by 12 publications

References 17 publications

Linear Stability Analysis of Transient Electrodeposition in Charged Porous Media: Suppression of Dendritic Growth by Surface Conduction

Linear Stability Analysis of Transient Electrodeposition in Charged Porous Media: Suppression of Dendritic Growth by Surface Conduction

Gold Fractal Growth during Its Recycling from Waste Printed Circuit Boards by Slurry Electrolysis

Fractal structures in two-metal electrodeposition systems I: Pb and Zn

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About