Queer Conflicts, Concept Capture and Category Co-Option: The Importance of Context in the State Collection and Recording of Sex/Gender Data

Abstract

Queer, trans and non-binary lives, bodies, relationships, and communities often complicate the taken-for-granted processes through which the state manages those under its power. In this article, we explore the forms of power and harm at play in attempts to quantify people through administrative processes of state data collection about sex and gender, and in the current UK and Scottish context, examine some of the sites for wider conflicts over constructions of sex and gender in public life. We emphasise the need to collect sex/gender data in ways that reflect the intersectional lives of data ‘subjects.’ We also suggest that governments and public bodies should not adopt a unitary definition of sex or gender in data collection exercises such as the census, or other administrative categories such as criminal justice records, and argue those who lobby to record ‘sex not gender’ in data collection are engaging in a strategy of concept capture (reducing sex to a binary, biological model that excludes trans and non-binary people) through the co-option of a number of administrative and legal categories across a wide range of social and political fora. We conclude by recommending that public bodies asking about sex and gender should: co-produce questions with the community that is being surveyed; ensure that the wording of each question, and its rubric, is sensitive to the context in which it is asked and the purpose for which it is intended; and avoid attempting to offer any overarching standard definition of sex or gender that would be applicable in all circumstances. To engage in meaningful sex/gender data collection and recording that does not cause harm, governments and public bodies should avoid relying on reductive, over-simplistic and generalistic categories that are designed to fit the standardised norm. In being attentive to individual contexts, needs and interests when formulating categories and records, they can make space for more intersectional experiences to be made visible.

Gendered housing matters: toward gender-responsive data and policy making

“…The definition of 'sex' and its difference from gender is contested (Sullivan 2020;cf. Hines 2020); in the UK, for example, there is no legal definition of sex (Collier and Cowan 2022).…”

“…A major New Zealand survey has also recently attempted open-ended gender measures, with success(Fraser et al 2020). In the UK, in particular, there has been debate over definitions of sex and gender, how to phrase survey questions to ensure accurate responses, which variables are most important for nationwide data collection, and how to capture changing ideas about gender and sex (seeSullivan 2020;Hines 2020;Fugard 2020;Collier and Cowan 2022).…”

De-producing gender: the politics of sex, decertification and the figure of economy

“…It is also not just an issue of managing competing categorisations and the information they rely upon and create. What different bodies’ responses to sexuality also reveal is something further – mechanisms for ‘knowing’ what a person's sexuality is, whether through equality monitoring forms, surveys and registration, cannot be entirely divorced from the mechanisms that produce sexuality as a social category and phenomenon (Browne, 2016; Collier and Cowan, 2022).…”