Box 1.1. Concepts of gender identity and expression, and sexual orientation Box 1.2. How many LGBTQI+ people are there? Box 1.3. Bullying, defined Box 1.4. Being an LGBTQI+ student during the COVID-19 pandemic Box 2.1. Free and Equal: A UN initiative Box 2.2. Conversion therapies in OECD countries Box 2.3. Creating an inclusive curriculum in the United Kingdom Box 2.4. Student challenges to finding accurate, unbiased information Box 3.1. A national priority Box 3.2. Bullied: The story of Jamie Nabozny Box 4.1. Navigating sensitive school environments for transgender students Box 4.2. SCEARE Model: Suggested Practices & Strategies EDU/WKP(2022)11 7 THE INCLUSION OF LGBTQI+ STUDENTS ACROSS EDUCATION SYSTEMS: AN OVERVIEW Unclassified 8 EDU/WKP(2022)11 THE INCLUSION OF LGBTQI+ STUDENTS ACROSS EDUCATION SYSTEMS: AN OVERVIEW Unclassified 1. Who are LGBTQI+ students and why promote their inclusion? EDU/WKP(2022)11 9 THE INCLUSION OF LGBTQI+ STUDENTS ACROSS EDUCATION SYSTEMS: AN OVERVIEW UnclassifiedThe term "gender" is a relatively new term in the discussion on sexuality and identity. Originally used to discuss linguistic differences in nouns that were classified as feminine, masculine, or neutral, "gender" was first introduced in the 1950s to refer to a human identity and not commonly used until the 1970s, then by feminist scholars (Bullough, 2003[2]). As opposed to the biological term "sex", gender has developed to be a psychosocial construct (Council of Europe, 2022[9]). However, many use the terms "gender" and "sex" interchangeably (Ibid.). Gender includes how individuals relate to and express their masculinity and femininity. Although variation from strict cisgender identification and attraction has always been in evidence throughout history, social movements demanding rights for same-sex couples and non-traditional gender identities emerged slowly in Western Europe in the late nineteenth century (Schlagdenhauffen, n.d.[10]), and more definitively as a global movement from the Stonewall Riots in New York City in 1969 (Blakemore, 2020[11]). That event, at which police raided a gay bar, initiated the Gay Pride movement, which is now celebrated in numerous countries.Sexuality is now acknowledged as a multi-dimensional concept, which is characterised by complex interactions between physical, emotional and social, historical and even political factors. For example, according to Jourian (2015[12]), it is possible to differentiate between four components of sexual identity:(1) sex, (2) gender identity, (3) sexual orientation, and (4) gender expression. According to Dorlin (2021[13]) who analyses feminist philosophies from the past 50 years, "sex" can be associated with three different concepts: (1) biological sex, which we are attributed at birth (male or female); (2) gender, which corresponds to social norms, roles, experiences and perceptions; and (3) sexuality, which correspond to sexual practices of sexually active individuals. A widely used definition of sexuality that encompasses its different aspects comes f...