Quercetin and Its Role in Reducing the Expression of Pro-inflammatory Cytokines in Osteoarthritis

Abstract

Osteoarthritis is the most common human joint disease in the world. It is also one of the most common skeletal muscle defects, destructive joint changes, and the leading cause of disability and reduced quality of life. Destructive changes in inflammatory joints are associated with a range of biochemical events, including the overproduction of inflammatory cytokines. Cytokines are protein compounds that play an essential role in causing and regulating inflammation. A balance between pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines is crucial in maintaining a stable body. In some inflammatory diseases, including osteoarthritis, the balance between these compounds is disturbed, and the balance shifts to pre-inflammatory cytokines. For this reason, researchers today are trying to find an effective way to reduce inflammation and treat osteoarthritis by using certain compounds. Current treatments for osteoarthritis, including nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, glucocorticoids, and hyaluronic acid, are mainly based on reducing pain and inflammation. However, they have limited effects in controlling symptoms and improving the patient's quality of life. Also, due to the high level of side effects, synthetic drugs have led to the identification of compounds of natural origin to give patients a chance to use painkillers and anti-inflammatory drugs with fewer side effects. This review study aimed to present the role of quercetin as a natural compound in reducing the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines in osteoarthritis. This study also discusses the relationship between inflammation and cartilage destruction and other inflammation-related factors caused by cytokines.

Different binding modalities of quercetin to inositol-requiring enzyme 1 of S. cerevisiae and human lead to opposite regulation

“…The proposed binding by Qe at the allosteric linker site, in all likelihood, affects the catalytic activity of the RNase site (as seen by the IC 50 values) but does not directly impose on dimer formation. This inhibitory activity of Qe towards hIRE1 RNase could be consistent with several physiological effects of Qe, for instance, regarding its anti-inflammatory properties [20][21][22][23] , provided that IRE1 signaling is pro-inflammatory 24,25 . Although Qe has been associated with numerous health benefits related to inflammation and immune function 26 , Boots et al 27 introduced the concept of the "quercetin paradox" in their study using rat lung epithelial (RLE) cells.…”

Stryphnodendron adstringens have a modulatory effect on inflammatory cytokines markers of in vitro activated macrophages

“…This dual effect of S. adstringens may explain its significant impact on wound healing, where a rapid inflammatory response is needed to prevent infections while also promoting tissue regeneration. These effects of S. adstringens are possibly associated with its chemical matrix rich in bioactive components described in Table 1, which have anti-inflammatory and cytokine-modulating action previously described in the literature [22][23][24][25][26][27][28][29][30][31][32][33].…”

“…Since this study aimed to investigate the modulatory effect of pro-and anti-inflammatory cytokines by S. adstringens on macrophages, a search was also conducted for scientific reviews indicative of the anti-inflammatory activity of each of the main bioactive molecules identified in the extract. [25]. Reduction in the expression of proinflammatory cytokines in osteoarthritis [26].…”

Validation of Jianpi Qingre Tongluo Recipe in Reducing Inflammation and Dyslipidemia in Osteoarthritis via Lnc RNA HOTAIR/APN/PI3K/AKT

“… 52 In addition, mounting in vivo and in vitro experiments have found that quercetin and kaempferol not only down-regulates matrix degrading protease and inflammatory mediators in the OA-CH model but also promotes cartilage anabolic factor production and relieves cartilage degradation and inflammation in the OA rat model. 53–55 …”