Question 1: Is sedation necessary for MRI in an infant?

Halliday, Matthew; Kelleher, John

doi:10.1136/archdischild-2013-304898

Cited by 4 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 14 publications

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“…Hence, this normative pediatric muscle database could be beneficial for estimating shoulder muscle volumes, particularly when such data are difficult to obtain. For example, acquiring MR data for children often requires anesthesia (Halliday and Kelleher, 2013; Usher and Kearney, 2003), yet such a risk is difficult to justify for research purposes. This database also provides a baseline to which atrophic (e.g., children with cerebral palsy or brachial plexus palsy) or hypertrophic (e.g., overuse) muscle volumes can be compared.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

In vivo pediatric shoulder muscle volumes and their relationship to 3D strength

Im¹,

Alter²,

Brochard³

et al. 2014

Journal of Biomechanics

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In the pediatric shoulder, injury and pathology can disrupt the muscle force balance, resulting in severe functional losses. As little data exists pertaining to in vivo pediatric shoulder muscle function, musculoskeletal data are crucially needed to advance the treatment of pediatric shoulder pathology/injury. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to develop a pediatric database of in vivo volumes for the major shoulder muscles and correlate these volumes to maximum isometric flexion/extension, internal/external rotation, and abduction/adduction joint moments. A methodology was developed to derive 3D shoulder muscle volumes and to divide the deltoid into sub-units with unique torque producing capabilities, based on segmentation of three-dimensional magnetic resonance images. Eleven typically developing children/adolescents (4F/7M, 12.0±3.2years, 150.8±16.7cm, 49.2±16.4kg) participated. Correlation and regression analyses were used to evaluate the relationship between volume and maximum, voluntary, isometric joint torques. The deltoid demonstrated the largest (30.4 ±1.2%) and the supraspinatus the smallest (4.8 ± 0.5%) percent of the total summed volume of all six muscles evaluated. The anterior and posterior deltoid sections were 43.4±3.9% and 56.6±3.9% of the total deltoid volume. The percent volumes were highly consistent across subjects. Individual muscle volumes demonstrated moderate-high correlations with torque values (0.70–0.94, p<0.001). This study presents a comprehensive database documenting normative pediatric shoulder muscle volume. Using these data a clear relationship between shoulder volume and the torques they produce was established in all three rotational degrees-of-freedom. This study furthers the understanding of shoulder muscle function and serves as a foundation for evaluating shoulder injury/pathology in the pediatric/adolescent population.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

In vivo pediatric shoulder muscle volumes and their relationship to 3D strength

Im¹,

Alter²,

Brochard³

et al. 2014

Journal of Biomechanics

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“…As such, there is limited literature on craniometric and velopharyngeal structures among children across different racial groups without the use of sedation. Sedation adds significant cost as well as additional risks such as negative effects of anesthesia or sedation medication and suppression of normal breathing (Halliday & Kelleher, 2013).The use of a laryngeal airway mask during sedation may also distort the positioning of oral structures and the velum at rest, which would be disadvantageous for any studies aimed at assessing velopharyngeal structural differences.…”

Section: Hard Palate Length (Hp)mentioning

confidence: 99%

Racial Variations in Velopharyngeal and Craniometric Morphology in Children: An Imaging Study

Kollara

Perry

Hudson

2016

J Speech Lang Hear Res

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Purpose: The purpose of this study is to examine craniometric and velopharyngeal anatomy among young children (4-8 years of age) with normal anatomy across Black and White racial groups. Method: Thirty-two healthy children (16 White and 16 Black) with normal velopharyngeal anatomy participated and successfully completed the magnetic resonance imaging scans. Measurements included 11 craniofacial and 9 velopharyngeal measures. Results: Two-way analysis of covariance was used to determine the effects of race and sex on velopharyngeal measures and all craniometric measures except head circumference. Head circumference was included as a covariate to control for overall cranial size. Sex did not have a significant effect on any of the craniometric measures. Significant racial differences were demonstrated for face height. A significant race effect was also observed for mean velar length, velar thickness, and velopharyngeal ratio. Conclusion:The present study provides separate craniofacial and velopharyngeal values for young Black and White children. Data from this study can be used to examine morphological variations with respect to race and sex.

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“…To date, MRI investigations in the pediatric 22q11.2DS population have utilized sedation, which is known to have adverse effects on measurement such as a limited time window to complete the scan while being sedated, suppression of normal breathing, and medication side effects (Halliday and Kelleher, 2013). The use of a laryngeal mask airway, commonly used with sedation, distorts the oral and pharyngeal structures and can produce variations in velar measurements (Perry et al, 2011).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Velopharyngeal Structural and Muscle Variations in Children With 22q11.2 Deletion Syndrome: An Unsedated MRI Study

Kollara

Baylis

Kirschner

et al. 2019

The Cleft Palate Craniofacial Journal

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Objective: The 22q11.2 deletion syndrome (22q11.2DS) is the most common genetic cause of velopharyngeal dysfunction; however, limited information exists regarding variations in velopharyngeal anatomy in this clinically challenging population. The purpose of this study was to examine velopharyngeal characteristics among young children with 22q11.2DS in comparison to a normative cohort using an innovative, nonsedated magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scanning protocol. Methods: Fifteen children with 22q11.2DS and 15 age- and gender-matched controls with normal velopharyngeal anatomy (ages 4-12) successfully completed the MRI protocol. Eighteen velopharyngeal and 2 related craniofacial measures were examined. Analysis of covariance was used to compare differences between the experimental and the control groups. Results: The 22q11.2DS group demonstrated a significantly thinner velum ( P < .0005) and a larger pharyngeal depth ( P = .007) compared to the matched control group. Findings in the current study also demonstrated that the levator veli palatini muscle is significantly shorter ( P = .037) and thinner ( P = .025) in the 22q11.2DS cohort, with a significantly shorter origin-to-origin distance ( P < .0005) and a greater angle of origin ( P = .001) compared to healthy peers. Conclusion: Children with 22q11.2DS demonstrated multiple variations that may contribute to velopharyngeal dysfunction by altering the anatomic characteristics of the velopharyngeal port, the levator muscle, and associated structures. This investigation represents the first and largest attempt to characterize velopharyngeal anatomy in children with 22q11.2DS using a nonsedated MRI protocol.

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Question 1: Is sedation necessary for MRI in an infant?

Cited by 4 publications

References 14 publications

In vivo pediatric shoulder muscle volumes and their relationship to 3D strength

In vivo pediatric shoulder muscle volumes and their relationship to 3D strength

Racial Variations in Velopharyngeal and Craniometric Morphology in Children: An Imaging Study

Velopharyngeal Structural and Muscle Variations in Children With 22q11.2 Deletion Syndrome: An Unsedated MRI Study

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