Questioning the Resistance/Aerobic Training Dichotomy: A Commentary on Physiological Adaptations Determined by Effort Rather than Exercise Modality

Fisher, James; Steele, James

doi:10.2478/hukin-2014-0119

Cited by 21 publications

(26 citation statements)

References 22 publications

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“…This may be due to the relatively lower intensity of effort and thus stimulus provided by these classes as this is likely more important for adaptation as opposed to both modality and even PA bout duration. 24,25 However, the estimated average caloric expenditure was also relatively less in the PE sessions compared with the soccer and HIIT sessions and thus may explain the body composition results.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 96%

Heart rate, energy expenditure, and affective responses from children participating in trampoline park sessions compared with traditional extra-curricular sports clubs

Budzynski-Seymour¹,

Wade²,

Lawson³

et al. 2019

J Sports Med Phys Fitness

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Heart rate, energy expenditure, and affective responses from children participating in trampoline park sessions compared with traditional extra-curricular sports clubs. SUMMARY OF KEY FINDINGS Lack of physical activity is widely becoming a concern in younger populations. Inactivity has negative associations with quality of life, in addition to children's academic, social, and physical skills. Further, it may predispose them to poorer health later in life. For most children physical education and extracurricular activities delivered through school are the most apparent opportunities for engagement in physical activity.  However, opportunities for physical activity exist outside of the school environment per se and a place that has seen an increase in popularity in recent years are trampoline parks. The emotional state (feelings) of a child during physical activity is thought to be related to their enjoyment and potentially adherence. Trampoline parks are typically thought of as being exciting adventure based activity and so it was of interest to examine both the heart rate and energy expenditure, in addition to affect, of children taking part in both extracurricular sports (football and netball) compared to a trampoline park session. A group of 26 children (aged 6-11 years, 16 girls and 10 boys) took part in the study.They wore heart rate belts during the activities and gave a rating of their feelings after them too. Data was collected from 3 sessions of both extracurricular sports in addition to trampoline park sessions. The results showed heart rate and energy expenditure were higher during trampoline park sessions, though both activities were classed as moderate-vigorous physical activity. Further, both activities elicited feelings of 'excitement'. Both extracurricular sports clubs and trampoline parks may be viable options for children to engage in physical activity that is sufficiently 'intense' and related to positive feelings. SCIENTIFIC ABSTRACTBackground: Lack of physical activity (PA) is becoming an issue in younger populations. Trampoline parks are newly popular environments for PA yet research on their use is scarce. Thus the present study compared heart rate, energy expenditure, and affective responses in children participating in trampoline park sessions compared with extracurricular sports clubs. Methods: Children (aged 6-11 years; n = 16 females, n = 10 males) participated in 3 trampoline park sessions and 3 extracurricular sports club sessions lasting ~45 minutes over 3 weeks. Heart rate, energy expenditure, and affective responses through the circumplex model, were measured. Results: Both conditions elicited moderate-vigorous PA. Average heart rate (mean difference [95%CIs] = 27.6 fc [23.5 to 31.8]), peak heart rate (mean difference [95%CIs] = 24.2 fc [20.8 to 27.6]) and energy expenditure (mean difference [95%CIs] = 3.2 kcals.min -1 [2.7 to 3.6]) were all significantly higher for the trampoline sessions. Affective responses for both conditions elicited feelings of 'excitement'. Conclusio...

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 96%

Heart rate, energy expenditure, and affective responses from children participating in trampoline park sessions compared with traditional extra-curricular sports clubs

Budzynski-Seymour¹,

Wade²,

Lawson³

et al. 2019

J Sports Med Phys Fitness

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“…Indeed, though health benefits might occur in naïve participants from exercise performed at any intensity of effort, it has been argued that adaptations (e.g. muscular strength and hypertrophy, aerobic fitness, and health measures) might be similar across exercise modes if the effort is high (23). Fatiguing contractions (irrespective of exercise mode) result in increased relative effort and subsequent sequential motor unit recruitment in order to meet the required force demands of the task being performed (1,17,13,70).…”

Section: A C C E P T E Dmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Improvements in both aerobic fitness in addition to strength and hypertrophy may be possible with a range of independent exercise modes as long as effort is high (23). Ozaki Procedures & Protocols…”

Section: A C C E P T E Dmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of Exercise Modality During Additional “High-Intensity Interval Training” on Aerobic Fitness and Strength in Powerlifting and Strongman Athletes

Androulakis-Korakakis

Langdown

Lewis

et al. 2018

Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research

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Androulakis-Korakakis, P, Langdown, L, Lewis, A, Fisher, JP, Gentil, P, Paoli, A, and Steele, J. Effects of exercise modality during additional "high-intensity interval training" on aerobic fitness and strength in powerlifting and strongman athletes. J Strength Cond Res 32(2): 450-457, 2018-Powerlifters and strongman athletes have a necessity for optimal levels of muscular strength while maintaining sufficient aerobic capacity to perform and recover between events. High-intensity interval training (HIIT) has been popularized for its efficacy in improving both aerobic fitness and strength but never assessed within the aforementioned population group. This study looked to compare the effect of exercise modality, e.g., a traditional aerobic mode (AM) and strength mode (SM), during HIIT on aerobic fitness and strength. Sixteen well resistance-trained male participants, currently competing in powerlifting and strongman events, completed 8 weeks of approximately effort- and volume-matched HIIT in 2 groups: AM (cycling, n = 8) and SM (resistance training, n = 8). Aerobic fitness was measured as predicted V[Combining Dot Above]O2max using the YMCA 3 minutes step test and strength as predicted 1 repetition maximum from a 4-6RM test using a leg extension. Both groups showed significant improvements in both strength and aerobic fitness. There was a significant between-group difference for aerobic fitness improvements favoring the AM group (p ≤ 0.05). There was no between-group difference for change in strength. Magnitude of change using within-group effect size for aerobic fitness and strength was considered large for each group (aerobic fitness, AM = 2.6, SM = 2.0; strength, AM = 1.9, SM = 1.9). In conclusion, our results support enhanced strength and aerobic fitness irrespective of exercise modality (e.g., traditional aerobic and resistance training). However, powerlifters and strongman athletes wishing to enhance their aerobic fitness should consider HIIT using an aerobic HIIT mode.

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“…However, it has been argued that conceptualisation of physical activity and exercise from an effort driven model may open up a wider range of options to increase reach to broader and more representative portions of the population, and indeed to some extent can help address the reported barrier of time . Further, it has been argued that, when considering exercise from the perspective of the intensity of effort required, modality may be of lesser importance in determining the physiological outcomes produced thus also potentially reducing barriers caused by logistical concerns such as lack of specific equipment or facilities (Fisher & Steele, 2014;.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Intensity of effort during exercise can be defined in relation to the current ability to meet the demands of the task being attempted, and for resistance training this is often considered with respect to the proximity to momentary failure (Steele, 2014;; though, this conceptualisation can also be argued to apply to traditional 'cardio' modalities (e.g. cycle ergometry; Phillips & Winett, 2010).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effort and duration matched ‘High Intensity Interval Training’ using cycle ergometry compared to leg press resistance training

Silva¹,

Lira²,

Steele³

et al. 2019

Preprint

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Purpose: Exercises for increasing muscle strength and cardiorespiratory fitness are traditionally prescribed separately, based on the different characteristics of the modalities and the adaptations that each typically promotes. This separation has been questioned by recent studies that suggest that the intensity of effort at which the exercise is performed seems to impart greater influence than the equipment involved. Based on this assumption, it has been proposed that ‘cardio’ training and resistance training might promote similar adaptations as long as effort and duration are equated. The objective of the present study was to compare two ‘High Intensity Interval Training’ protocols matched for effort and duration using different exercise modalities, leg press (resistance training) and cycle ergometry (‘cardio’), upon changes in muscle strength, cardiorespiratory fitness, and lower limb composition in recreationally trained men. Methods: Twenty-five trained men (28.9 ± 5.6 years, 6.6 ± 5.6 years of training experience) were randomly divided into two groups. One group performed sprint interval training on a cycle ergometer (4 sets of 30 seconds sprints) and the other performed leg press (4 sets of 10-12 repetitions to momentary failure). Both groups trained three times a week for 5 weeks. Before and after the training period, the participants performed a 10-repetition maximum (10RM) for knee extension, An incremental exercise test on a treadmill for time to exhaustion (TTE) and peak oxygen consumption (V ̇O2peak), and underwent dual energy X-ray absorptiometry to assess lower limb composition. Results: Knee extension 10RM and TTE increased in both groups with no statistically significant between group difference (p = 0.614 and p = 0.210). There was a statistically significant between group difference for change in V ̇O2peak (p = 0.023) with only the cycle ergometer group showing a significant within group increase. For all lower limb composition outcomes, changes were minimal. Conclusion: The results of the present study suggest that 5 weeks of effort and duration matched ‘High Intensity Interval Training’ using cycle ergometry ‘cardio’ or leg press resistance training may produce similar strength and endurance (TTE) adaptations. However, ‘cardio’ modality training may produce greater increases in cardiorespiratory fitness.

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Questioning the Resistance/Aerobic Training Dichotomy: A Commentary on Physiological Adaptations Determined by Effort Rather than Exercise Modality

Cited by 21 publications

References 22 publications

Heart rate, energy expenditure, and affective responses from children participating in trampoline park sessions compared with traditional extra-curricular sports clubs

Heart rate, energy expenditure, and affective responses from children participating in trampoline park sessions compared with traditional extra-curricular sports clubs

Effects of Exercise Modality During Additional “High-Intensity Interval Training” on Aerobic Fitness and Strength in Powerlifting and Strongman Athletes

Effort and duration matched ‘High Intensity Interval Training’ using cycle ergometry compared to leg press resistance training

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