Questionnaire for the identification of back pain for epidemiological purposes.

Abstract

Objectives-To design a questionnaire for the identification and assessment of severity of back pain for epidemiological purposes, and gain preliminary experience of its use. Methods-A group of specialists, experienced in the epidemiology and clinical assessment of back pain, designed the questionnaire, and tested it individually. It was also given cross sectionally by interview to a population of male coal mine workers. Results-The questionnaire comprised a maximum of 12 questions on the presence, radiation, frequency, and severity of back pain with reference to difficulty with specific activities, interference with normal work, and absence from work. 471 coal miners answered the questionnaire (66% of those invited). 56% (265 men) of the responders reported pain or ache in the back during the previous 12 months, and the incidence of first ever attacks during the same period was reported to be 34%. 690/% reported having had back pain at some time. The responses to the questionnaire were partially validated by comparison with certified sickness absence for two days or more attributed to back pain. In men who were symptomatic in the previous 12 months, for the question relating to absence from work because of back pain, the sensitivity was 82% and specificity was 84%. Conclusion-The questionnaire is easy to administer and generates clear cut data that could be useful for epidemiological or screening purposes. Preliminary, limited, studies of its validity are reasonably encouraging, although further validation is required. It is hoped that researchers will find the questionnaire useful, will extend its validation, and continue to develop it. (Occup Environ Med 1994;51:756-760) Keywords: back pain, questionnaire, epidemiology Although many epidemiological studies of back pain have been conducted, they have been characterised by many methodological difficulties. These include different definitions of back pain, the lack of a standard questionnaire, and inadequate validation. Therefore a need is recognised for a generally accepted standard questionnaire to assess frequency of back pain in groups of individuals and to enable comparisons of frequency with causative and other factors. As no such questionnaire was available, a working group of British specialists experienced in the epidemiology, ergonomics, and clinical assessment of back pain was convened by the Institute of Occupational Medicine (IOM). The principal aim of the working group was to standardize epidemiological studies of frequency of back pain in groups of people. A questionnaire was devised that would identify individuals with back pain, enable studies of the relation of back pain with possible causative and other factors, and provide information on duration, frequency, and severity of pain.

Low back pain and lumbar angles in Turkish coal miners

“…Among heavy manual workers, miners have the highest sickness absenteeism rate due to back pain. The prevalence of low back pain in coal miners reported to be 69-75% in the numerous studies [Macdonald et al, 1984;Lloyd et al, 1986;Agius et al, 1994;Limburska et al, 1996]. In this study, low back pain prevalance was 78% among Turkish coal miners, which is supportive of the earlier reports for higher prevalance rates among coal miners.…”

Prevalence of low back symptoms and its consequences in relation to occupational group

“…Therefore, by selecting those who had LBS during the last 12 months with symptoms of more than 7 days and onset during their current job and also present within the previous 7 days it is our belief that the effect of recall bias was minimized. In addition, a good validity [Kuorinka et al, 1987] and repeatability [Dickinson et al, 1992] for the reduced activities question and a good agreement [Ferrie et al, 2005;Voss et al, 2008], sensitivity (82%), and specificity (84%) for the absenteeism question [Agius et al, 1994] indicated that recall bias regarding self-reported LBS consequences was unlikely.…”

Can sickness absence be reduced by stress reduction programs: on the effectiveness of two approaches

“…According to van Poppel et al (2002) data on sick leave gathered from company records are clearly preferable to data obtained from questionnaires or interviews, since self-administered questionnaires have a high speciWcity but a low sensitivity (Agius et al 1994;Burdorf et al 1996;Fredriksson et al 1998). Furthermore, there is a tendency to underestimate short episodes of sick leave (van der Weide et al 1997), particularly when the recall period is longer than 2-6 months (Severens et al 2000).…”