Quinolactacins, which inhibit tumor necrosis factor production, contain a quinolone skeleton conjugated with a g -lactam. The biosynthesis of quinolactacin was investigated by feeding experiments using 13 Keywords quinolactacin, quinolone, biosynthesis, 13 C labeled precursor, Penicillium sp.
IntroductionSince entomopathogenic fungi possess a parasitic function, it was expected that novel biologically active compounds such as insecticides and immunosuppressants would be isolated from them [1ϳ7]. In the course of an HPLC-based, chemical screening program of the metabolites of entomopathogenic fungi, the novel pyridone alkaloids, pyridovericin and pyridomacrolidin, possessing protein kinase inhibitory activity, were isolated from the cultured broth of Beauveria bassiana 9]. In addition, novel quinolone alkaloids, quinolactacins A (1), B (2), and C (3) were obtained from the cultured broth of Penicillium sp. EPF-6, which was isolated from the larvae of the mulberry pyralid (Margaronia pyloalis Welker) [10]. Alkaloid 1, the major constituent, exhibited inhibitory activity against tumor necrosis factor (TNF) production by murine macrophages and macrophage-like J774.1 cells stimulated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS).Quinolactacins have a unique quinolone skeleton conjugated with a g-lactam ring [11], as shown in Figure 1. Subsequently, Kim et al., reported the characterization of stereoisomers of 1 through a screening program for inhibitors of acetylcholinesterase [12], and Tatsuta's group reported the biomimetic synthesis of quinolactacin B (2) using acetic acid, valine, and anthranilic acid [13]. In this paper, the biosynthesis of 1 was studied by feeding experiments using several 13 C single-labeled precursors and D-[U-