Quite a few reasons for calling carnivores ‘the most wonderful plants in the world’

Król, Elżbieta; Płachno, Bartosz J.; Adamec, Lubomír; Stolarz, Maria; Dziubińska, Halina; Trębacz, Kazimierz

doi:10.1093/aob/mcr249

Cited by 99 publications

(85 citation statements)

References 211 publications

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“…Exposed sites are structurally less constrained, and substitutions in such sites are likely to change their interactions with other molecules in solution, rather than changing protein conformation [25][26][27] . During the evolution of digestive enzymes, selective pressures may have come from the digestive fluid environment, which include the presence of insect-derived substrates, high endogenous proteolytic activity, low pH and microbial invasion or symbiosis 1,11,12 . As exposed residues constitute the protein-environment interface, the convergent amino acid substitutions may have been critical factors for the convergent establishment of carnivory across the angiosperms.…”

Section: Articles Nature Ecology and Evolutionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Carnivorous plants attract potential prey by nectar, coloration and scent 1,11,12 . GO terms enriched in the pitcher transcriptome included 'starch metabolic process' and 'sucrose metabolic process' (Supplementary Table 22), which may be related to the production of attractive nectar.…”

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confidence: 99%

“…Carnivorous plants secrete digestive enzymes for degradation of trapped animals 1,11,12 . Previous studies on several digestive enzymes of Nepenthes spp., Drosera spp., Dionaea muscipula and Cephalotus indicate that pathogenesis-related proteins were co-opted for digestive function as well as for preventing microbial colonization of digestive fluid (refs [16][17][18][19] and refs in Supplementary Table 24).…”

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confidence: 99%

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Genome of the pitcher plant Cephalotus reveals genetic changes associated with carnivory

et al. 2017

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Carnivorous plants exploit animals as a nutritional source and have inspired long-standing questions about the origin and evolution of carnivory-related traits. To investigate the molecular bases of carnivory, we sequenced the genome of the heterophyllous pitcher plant Cephalotus follicularis, in which we succeeded in regulating the developmental switch between carnivorous and non-carnivorous leaves. Transcriptome comparison of the two leaf types and gene repertoire analysis identified genetic changes associated with prey attraction, capture, digestion and nutrient absorption. Analysis of digestive fluid proteins from C. follicularis and three other carnivorous plants with independent carnivorous origins revealed repeated co-options of stress-responsive protein lineages coupled with convergent amino acid substitutions to acquire digestive physiology. These results imply constraints on the available routes to evolve plant carnivory.

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Section: Articles Nature Ecology and Evolutionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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confidence: 99%

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confidence: 99%

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Genome of the pitcher plant Cephalotus reveals genetic changes associated with carnivory

et al. 2017

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“…plant carnivory | plant nutrient acquisition | campos rupestres | nitrogen | stable isotopes C arnivory has evolved at least six times within the angiosperms and, since Darwin's work on the subject in 1875 (1), approximately 20 carnivorous genera distributed among 10 families and four major lineages have been identified (2,3). A general cost-benefit model predicts that carnivory will be restricted to well lit, low-nutrient, and at least seasonally moist habitats (4), where the major source of nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, and other nutrients will be derived from captured and digested invertebrates (5).…”

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Underground leaves ofPhilcoxiatrap and digest nematodes

Pereira

Almenara

Winter

et al. 2012

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

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The recently described genus Philcoxia comprises three species restricted to well lit and low-nutrient soils in the Brazilian Cerrado. The morphological and habitat similarities of Philcoxia to those of some carnivorous plants, along with recent observations of nematodes over its subterranean leaves, prompted the suggestion that the genus is carnivorous. Here we report compelling evidence of carnivory in Philcoxia of the Plantaginaceae, a family in which no carnivorous members are otherwise known. We also document both a unique capturing strategy for carnivorous plants and a case of a plant that traps and digests nematodes with underground adhesive leaves. Our findings illustrate how much can still be discovered about the origin, distribution, and frequency of the carnivorous syndrome in angiosperms and, more generally, about the diversity of nutrientacquisition mechanisms that have evolved in plants growing in severely nutrient-impoverished environments such as the Brazilian Cerrado, one of the world's 34 biodiversity hotspots.plant carnivory | plant nutrient acquisition | campos rupestres | nitrogen | stable isotopes

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“…2; Raven et al 2009). We do not consider carnivorous angiosperms in detail here, but note that they are photosynthetic (Juniper et al 1989;Raven et al 2009;Król et al 2012), can take up organic C in amino acids and peptides via transporters (Schulze et al 1999) and via endocytosis (Adlassnig et al 2012), but have a significant C cost in trap construction and maintenance and in enzyme secretion (Ellison and Adamec 2011;Sirová et al 2011).…”

Section: Mixotrophy In Phytoplankton Other Aquatic Organisms and Termentioning

confidence: 99%

The mixotrophic nature of photosynthetic plants

Schmidt¹,

Raven²,

Paungfoo‐Lonhienne³

2013

Functional Plant Biol.

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Abstract. Plants typically have photosynthetically competent green shoots. To complement resources derived from the atmospheric environment, plants also acquire essential elements from soil. Inorganic ions and molecules are generally considered to be the sources of soil-derived nutrients, and plants tested in this respect can grow with only inorganic nutrients and so can live as autotrophs. However, mycorrhizal symbionts are known to access nutrients from organic matter. Furthermore, specialist lineages of terrestrial photosynthetically competent plants are mixotrophic, including species that obtain organic nutrition from animal prey (carnivores), fungal partners (mycoheterotrophs) or plant hosts (hemi-parasites). Although mixotrophy is deemed the exception in terrestrial plants, it is a common mode of nutrition in aquatic algae. There is mounting evidence that non-specialist plants acquire organic compounds as sources of nutrients, taking up and metabolising a range of organic monomers, oligomers, polymers and even microbes as sources of nitrogen and phosphorus. Plasmamembrane located transporter proteins facilitate the uptake of low-molecular mass organic compounds, endo-and phagocytosis may enable the acquisition of larger compounds, although this has not been confirmed. Identifying the mechanisms involved in the acquisition of organic nutrients will provide understanding of the ecological significance of mixotrophy. Here, we discuss mixotrophy in the context of nitrogen and phosphorus nutrition drawing parallels between algae and plants.

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Quite a few reasons for calling carnivores ‘the most wonderful plants in the world’

Cited by 99 publications

References 211 publications

Genome of the pitcher plant Cephalotus reveals genetic changes associated with carnivory

Genome of the pitcher plant Cephalotus reveals genetic changes associated with carnivory

Underground leaves ofPhilcoxiatrap and digest nematodes

The mixotrophic nature of photosynthetic plants

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