R. H. Hilton

Coss, Peter

doi:10.1093/past/176.1.7

Cited by 3 publications

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“…It is possible that as the brown 'iris' has a greater grey-scale value than the yellow 'iris', the brown eyes provided the greatest 'visual impact' whilst still retaining the vital 'pupil/iris' distinction. Coss (1970) found that the human pupillary dilation response to eyespots was positively correlated with a combination of the patterns's edge contrast and dark area. However, the relationship between an eyespot's 'visual impact' and its aversiveness cannot be simple for as we have seen, the size of eye patterns having the same pupil/eye ratio does not significantly alter their fear-evoking properties.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 97%

“…Calm animals did indeed stare least at the two eyes combination while, although there were no significant differences within these data, 'fearful' lemurs in fact stared most at the two eye stimulus. Several workers have found that a pair of eyes arranged horizontally is more aversive than the same eyes arranged vertically (COSS 1970(COSS , 1978bJONES 1980) although again there are experiments in which such an effect was not found (e.g. Coss 1979a).…”

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“…Several authors have concluded that two eyes are indeed the most aversive combination (e.g. Coss 1970Coss , 1978Coss a, 1979JONES 1980) whilst others were unable to show such an effect (e.g. SCAIFE 1976 b;GALLUP 1977;Coss 1979a).…”

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The Feeding Behaviour of Starlings (Sturnus vulgaris) in the Presence of ‘Eyes’

Inglis

Huson

Marshall

et al. 1983

Zeitschrift für Tierpsychologie

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and Summary Previous studies that have looked at the aversive properties of simple, predator‐related, eye‐like patterns presented in an artificial context, have yielded conflicting results. The aim of the present series of experiments was to investigate whether such stimuli had potential for use as bird scarers. The starling (Sturnus vulgaris) was the subject species. The experimental procedure was designed to provide a relevant and objective, interval scale of aversiveness based upon the ability of eye patterns to deter hungry birds from a feeding area. Each subject was deprived of food for 5 h and then tested in an apparatus which exposed an eye pattern over a food trough immediately after the bird alighted on that trough. 10 measures of the starlings' feeding behaviour were monitored over a 1‐h trial. It was predicted that five of these variables would be positively and five negatively correlated with an increase in the fear evoking properties of the stimulus. The 10 measures were analysed using principal component analysis and the first component in every experiment had the signs of the latent vectors of the variables exactly in the predicted pattern and therefore appeared to be an ‘aversiveness index’. The scores from this first component were then used in a Latin square ANOVA to distinguish subject, test order and stimulus effects. The main findings from the eight experiments are as follows. Simple eye‐like patterns can indeed deter hungry starlings from feeding in their vicinity. The presence of a pair of eyes painted on a white card caused an 88% reduction in time spent on the nearby food trough and a 65% reduction in actual feeding time. The presence of ‘pupils’ in the patterns is essential for simple circles alone are not significantly more aversive than the control card. Once a pattern has the ‘pupil/iris’ distinction then a circular outline becomes important although the shape of the ‘pupil’ appears relatively unimportant. Eyes with coloured irises are more effective than black and white patterns but the degree of contrast between the ‘pupil’ and ‘iris’ appears irrelevant. Increasing the number of simultaneously presented eyes from one to three is correlated with an increasing trend in aversiveness which is destroyed if the same stimuli are presented within the context of a simple head outline. Changing the orientation of a pair of eyes from horizontal to vertical only slightly reduces their aversiveness. The size of the patterns appears to be unimportant within the range tested. The aversive properties of eyespots and of broadcast starling distress calls are positively additive. The effectiveness of a stimulus combining all the important features mentioned is as aversive as is a realistic model of the head of an owl.

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The Feeding Behaviour of Starlings (Sturnus vulgaris) in the Presence of ‘Eyes’

Inglis

Huson

Marshall

et al. 1983

Zeitschrift für Tierpsychologie

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“…During confrontations, the two facing eyes of the adversary appear to be the major stimulus component eliciting avoidance behaviors. Recent studies using eyelike schemata have demonstrated the prepotent aspects of the fixed stare in a variety of species (BLEST 1957;Coss 1965Coss , 1970Coss , 1972Coss , 1978CURIO 1969CURIO , 1975 ELLISON 1971;HENNIG 1977;HINDE 1954;SCAIFE 1976). Several examples of Batesian mimicry of real eyes in the form of single and two facing eyespots offer some evidence that these patterns may function to avert predaceous attacks (BLEST 1957;COTT 1940;CURIO 1966;MCCOSKER 1977;WICKLER 1968;ZARET 1977).…”

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Development of Face Aversion by the Jewel Fish (Hemichromis bimaculatus, Gill 1862)

Coss

1978

Zeitschrift für Tierpsychologie

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Jewel fish possess an innate cognitive mechanism which recognizes the two facing eyes of other fish. This mechanism functions adaptively in both a social and antipredator context, estimating the risks associated with other facing fish. Appearing about the time fry begin to school, this mechanism triggers a discriminative flight response to approaching models with two schematic facing eyes. Fry also tend to avoid the region in front of the parents from which they can see their two facing eyes. In a social context, juveniles and adults appear to be intimidated by facing adversaries as demonstrated by their energy expenditure during attacks and readiness to attack, respectively. These findings are discussed in relation to developmental plasticity of the innate cognitive mechanism and concomitant changes in risk assessment.

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Rodney Hilton (1916–2002): In Memoriam

Byres

2005

Journal of Agrarian Change

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This essay is written in memory of Rodney Hilton (1916–2002), who died on 7 June 2002. He was one of the towering historians of medieval England. Along with the Russian scholar, E. A. Kosminsky, of a previous generation of historians, he provided a formidable Marxist treatment of English feudalism, at once empirically rich, through extensive archival research, and theoretically informed. His work, while displaying a particular vision of the nature of feudal society, and embracing certain recurring themes, is broad in its scope and varied in the issues it covers. The essay is offered as a tribute to the particular tradition of Marxist historical scholarship represented by him, and which he did so much to foster. A brief account of his career and writing is given. There is, in the present issue, a companion essay in which his views on peasant differentiation and the transition to capitalism in England are considered at length.

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R. H. Hilton

Cited by 3 publications

References 0 publications

The Feeding Behaviour of Starlings (Sturnus vulgaris) in the Presence of ‘Eyes’

The Feeding Behaviour of Starlings (Sturnus vulgaris) in the Presence of ‘Eyes’

Development of Face Aversion by the Jewel Fish (Hemichromis bimaculatus, Gill 1862)

Rodney Hilton (1916–2002): In Memoriam

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