Rabies human diploid cell vaccine elicits cross-neutralising and cross-protecting immune responses against European and Australian bat lyssaviruses

Brookes, Sharon M.; Parsons, G.; Johnson, Nick; McElhinney, L. M.; Fooks, A. R.

doi:10.1016/j.vaccine.2005.03.037

Cited by 109 publications

(73 citation statements)

References 34 publications

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“…Evidence suggests these vaccines are fully effective against virtually all RABVs tested to date (4,11,33,37,46,50) but not against distantly related viruses in phylogroup II or WCBV (5,43). In addition, the reported variable efficacy of vaccines against the EBLVs and DUVV (11,17,32) and recent evidence of variable efficacy against ARAV, KHUV, and IRKV (22) suggest that there may be a gradual loss of protection as viruses become antigenically distant from vaccine strains. This gradation in protection is the case for other viruses (42,52).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Badrane et al (5) showed a linear correlation between the glycoprotein amino acid identity and four cross neutralization titers. Other studies have demonstrated variable serological cross-reactivity between European bat lyssaviruses (EBLV) and RABVs (10,11) and suggested that antigenic relationships between EBLV-1 and EBLV-2 may not be fully reflected in the genetic relationships (41). Recent investigations into the efficacy of biologics against the Eurasian lyssaviruses showed an array of relatedness between lyssavirus species, with, for example, a murine anti-Aravan virus (anti-ARAV) serum neutralizing Khujand virus (KHUV) and ARAV equally but an anti-KHUV serum being less effective at neutralizing ARAV than KHUV (22).…”

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confidence: 99%

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Quantifying Antigenic Relationships among the Lyssaviruses

Horton

McElhinney

Marston

et al. 2010

J Virol

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All lyssaviruses cause fatal encephalitis in mammals. There is sufficient antigenic variation within the genus to cause variable vaccine efficacy, but this variation is difficult to characterize quantitatively: sequence analysis cannot yet provide detailed antigenic information, and antigenic neutralization data have been refractory to high-resolution robust interpretation. Here, we address these issues by using state-of-the-art antigenic analyses to generate a high-resolution antigenic map of a global panel of 25 lyssaviruses. We compared the calculated antigenic distances with viral glycoprotein ectodomain sequence data. Although 67% of antigenic variation was predictable from the glycoprotein amino acid sequence, there are in some cases substantial differences between genetic and antigenic distances, thus highlighting the risk of inferring antigenic relationships solely from sequence data at this time. These differences included epidemiologically important antigenic differences between vaccine strains and wild-type rabies viruses. Further, we quantitatively assessed the antigenic relationships measured by using rabbit, mouse, and human sera, validating the use of nonhuman experimental animals as a model for determining antigenic variation in humans. The use of passive immune globulin is a crucial component of rabies postexposure prophylaxis, and here we also show that it is possible to predict the reactivity of immune globulin against divergent lyssaviruses.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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confidence: 99%

Quantifying Antigenic Relationships among the Lyssaviruses

Horton

McElhinney

Marston

et al. 2010

J Virol

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“…Cross-neutralization and cross-protection studies have demonstrated that current anti-rabies vaccines provide protection against EBLV-2 ( Brookes et al, 2005b) and all bat handlers in the UK are required to receive vaccination. A limited number of pathogenesis studies have been conducted on the EBLVs using a range of animal models (Vos et al, 2004;Johnson et al, 2006a;Brookes et al, 2007).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Experimental study of European bat lyssavirus type-2 infection in Daubenton's bats (Myotis daubentonii)

Johnson¹,

Vos

Neubert

et al. 2008

Journal of General Virology

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European bat lyssavirus type 2 (EBLV-2) can be transmitted from Daubenton's bats to humans and cause rabies. EBLV-2 has been repeatedly isolated from Daubenton's bats in the UK but appears to be present at a low level within the native bat population. This has prompted us to investigate the disease in its natural host under experimental conditions, to assess its virulence, dissemination and likely means of transmission between insectivorous bats. With the exception of direct intracranial inoculation, only one of seven Daubenton's bats inoculated by subdermal inoculation became infected with EBLV-2. Both intramuscular and intranasal inoculation failed to infect the bats. No animal inoculated with EBLV-2 seroconverted during the study period. During infection, virus excretion in saliva (both viral RNA and live virus) was confirmed up to 3 days before the development of rabies. Disease was manifested as a gradual loss of weight prior to the development of paralysis and then death. The highest levels of virus were measured in the brain, with much lower levels of viral genomic RNA detected in the tongue, salivary glands, kidney, lung and heart. These observations are similar to those made in naturally infected Daubenton's bats and this is the first documented report of isolation of EBLV-2 in bat saliva. We conclude that EBLV-2 is most likely transmitted in saliva by a shallow bite.

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“…Vaccination using cell culture-derived vaccine against rabies is considered protective against EBLV-2 (Brookes and others 2005) and rabies postexposure prophylaxis (PEP) must be considered with a general practitioner following contact with a bat.…”

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confidence: 99%