Rabies in Foxes, Aegean Region, Turkey

Vos, Ad; Freuling, Conrad Martin; Eskiizmirliler, Seza; Ün, Hikmet; Aylan, O.; Johnson, Nicholas; Gürbüz, Semra; Müller, W. W.; Akkoca, Necdet; Müller, Thomas; Fooks, Anthony R.; Askaroglu, Haluk

doi:10.3201/eid1510.090203

Cited by 29 publications

(16 citation statements)

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“…Phylogenetic studies suggest that this spread likely resulted from a sustained spillover infection from domestic dogs (Johnson et al, 2003;Vos et al, 2009). Rabies cases in wildlife species including jackals (Canis aureus), wolves (Canis lupus) and red foxes (Vulpes vulpes) have been reported only infrequently, amounting to approximately 2 % of the total number of cases reported (Rabies Bulletin Europe).…”

Section: Turkeymentioning

confidence: 99%

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Update on oral vaccination of foxes and raccoon dogs against rabies

2015

EFS2

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An assessment of a report issued by the European Commission in 2002 is presented about the oral vaccination of foxes against rabies, as well as additional topics such as the rabies aetiology and its occurrence in Europe, the target species for oral vaccination, i.e. foxes and raccoon dogs, the oral vaccines available and their thermostability, rabies surveillance and monitoring, and the recent international guidelines for rabies surveillance are discussed. Foxes are the only known reservoir for rabies in Europe, and raccoon dogs are important transmitters, while other carnivores play a less important epidemiological role. The demographic expansion of raccoon dogs and their movements after hibernation are risk factors for rabies recurrence. The combined densities of foxes and raccoon dogs, which often share the same habitats, could allow rabies epizootics to persist. The epidemiological role and the pathogenesis of rabies in raccoon dogs and other carnivores must still be clarified. Four vaccines are authorised in the EU and their effectiveness is proven to successfully contribute to rabies elimination. Experimental and field evidence shows that climatic and weather conditions may impact on bait casings and vaccine stability. Data on the stability of vaccine baits under different field conditions should be provided. It is recommended that bait should keep its integrity at the release point. Because of bait stability issues, the season most appropriate for implementing oral rabies vaccination or a heat-stable vaccine should be considered. Rabies surveillance and monitoring of vaccination, based on assessment of bait uptake and seroconversion in host species, are important tools for the evaluation and adjustment of vaccination campaigns, although alternatives to tetracyclines as biomarkers should be developed. Oral immunisation by vaccine baits has proven to be successful in eliminating terrestrial wildlife rabies, but long-term strategy, temporal continuity of vaccination and cross-border cooperation are needed and recommended. Acknowledgements:The Panel wishes to thank Florence Cliquet, Paola De Benedictis, Kaarina Kauhala, Edvīns Oļševskis, Liisa Sihvonen (Chair) and Marcin Smreczak for the preparatory work on this scientific output, the hearing expert Thomas Müller and EFSA staff members Alessandro Broglia and Marianne Carson for the support provided to this scientific output. Suggested citation: EFSA AHAW Panel (EFSA Panel on Animal Health and Welfare), 2015. Scientific opinion -Update on oral vaccination of foxes and raccoon dogs against rabies.

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Section: Turkeymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…At the end of the 1990s in the Aegean region of Turkey, rabies spread rapidly among foxes. Phylogenetic studies suggest that this spread likely resulted from a sustained spillover infection from domestic dogs (Johnson et al, 2003;Vos et al, 2009). As a result, reported cases increased from 10 cases in 2010 to 82 cases in 2014.…”

Section: Turkeymentioning

confidence: 99%

Update on oral vaccination of foxes and raccoon dogs against rabies

2015

EFS2

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“…Rabies is a zoonotic disease with a uniquely high mortality rate, which does not respect cultural or political boundaries. Rabies can spread easily and be underreported in animal reservoirs due, in part, to the long incubation period and non‐specific clinical signs (Vos et al., ). Confounded by a lack of adequate surveillance and laboratory diagnosis, the true burden of disease is poorly quantified in many areas (Banyard et al., ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Epidemiological Characteristics of Human and Animal Rabies in Azerbaijan

Zeynalova¹,

Shikhiyev²,

Aliyeva³

et al. 2014

Zoonoses and Public Health

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The Caucasus is a region of geopolitical importance, in the gateway between Europe and Asia. This geographical location makes the region equally important in the epidemiology and control of transboundary infectious diseases such as rabies. Azerbaijan is the largest country in the Caucasus, and although rabies is notifiable and considered endemic, there is little information on the burden of human and animal rabies. Here, we describe a cross-disciplinary international collaboration aimed at improving rabies control in Azerbaijan. Partial nucleoprotein gene sequences were obtained from animal rabies cases for comparison with those from surrounding areas. Reported human and animal rabies cases between 2000 and 2010 were also reviewed and analysed by region and year. Comparison of rabies virus strains circulating in Azerbaijan demonstrates more than one lineage of rabies virus circulating concurrently in Azerbaijan and illustrates the need for further sample collection and characterization. Officially reported rabies data showed an increase in human and animal rabies cases, and an increase in animal bites requiring provision of post-exposure prophylaxis, since 2006. This is despite apparently consistent levels of dog vaccination and culling of stray dogs.

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“…Cell culture‐derived vaccines can be used for the parenteral vaccination of companion animals and livestock, and have also been used to develop oral vaccines for wildlife immunization [25]. The combination of high titres of attenuated strains of RABV with an oral bait attractive to wildlife vectors such as the red fox ( Vulpes vulpes ) have been highly effective at eliminating rabies from western Europe and remain in use throughout eastern Europe and Turkey [26,27].…”

Section: Administration Of Rabies Vaccinesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Developments in rabies vaccines

Hicks

Fooks

Johnson

2012

Clinical and Experimental Immunology

106

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Summary The development of vaccines that prevent rabies has a long and distinguished history, with the earliest preceding modern understanding of viruses and the mechanisms of immune protection against disease. The correct application of inactivated tissue culture‐derived vaccines is highly effective at preventing the development of rabies, and very few failures are recorded. Furthermore, oral and parenteral vaccination is possible for wildlife, companion animals and livestock, again using inactivated tissue culture‐derived virus. However, rabies remains endemic in many regions of the world and causes thousands of human deaths annually. There also remain no means of prophylaxis for rabies once the virus enters the central nervous system (CNS). One reason for this is the poor immune response within the CNS to infection with rabies virus (RABV). New approaches to vaccination using modified rabies viruses that express components of the innate immune system are being applied to this problem. Preliminary reports suggest that direct inoculation of such viruses could trigger an effective anti‐viral response and prevent a fatal outcome from RABV infection.

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Rabies in Foxes, Aegean Region, Turkey

Abstract: At the end of the 1990s in the Aegean region of Turkey, rabies rapidly spread among foxes. This spread likely resulted from spillover infection from dogs and led to increased rabies cases among cattle. To control this outbreak, oral rabies vaccination of foxes has been used.

Cited by 29 publications

References 1 publication

Update on oral vaccination of foxes and raccoon dogs against rabies

Update on oral vaccination of foxes and raccoon dogs against rabies

Epidemiological Characteristics of Human and Animal Rabies in Azerbaijan

Developments in rabies vaccines

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