Rabies vaccines: Current status and prospects for development

Abstract

Rabies is an infectious disease among humans and animals that remains incurable, despite its longstanding research history. The only way to prevent the disease is prompt treatment, including vaccination as an obligatory component and administration of antirabies immunoglobulin as a supplement. Since the first antirabies vaccination performed in the 19th century, a large number of different rabies vaccines have been developed. Progress in molecular biology and biotechnology enabled the development of effective and safe technologies of vaccine production. Currently, new generation vaccines are being developed based on recombinant rabies virus strains or on the production of an individual recombinant rabies antigen-glyco protein (G protein), either as a component of nonpathogenic viruses, or in plants, or in the form of DNA vac cines. In this review, the main modern trends in the development of rabies vaccines have been discussed.

Rabies Virus 31D Peptide‐[P(VP‐co‐AA)] Conjugates: Synthesis, Characterization and Cytotoxicity Evaluation

“…Research along with biotechnological advances is the basis for current studies to develop more effective and safer vaccine production technologies. For this purpose, preliminary studies for the production of a new generation of peptide vaccines against rabies was investigated in this study …”

“…For this purpose, preliminary studies for the production of a new generation of peptide vaccines against rabies was investigated in this study. [5] In the development of the current vaccines, it is important to use only antigenic fragments of the pathogen that can induce long-term protection against the pathogen. Thus, synthetic peptide-based vaccines are the potential future of vaccination.…”

Production of vaccines for treatment of infectious diseases by transgenic plants

“…Despite being safe and efficacious, vaccines produced in such way can greatly vary between different producers, their efficiency can be significantly reduced by storage and transportation, are very costly, can sometimes cause adverse side effects and require 3 -5 doses to provide sufficient immune protection (Rosales-Mendoza, 2015). In the last 20 years there has been a lot of research and progress in developing the fourth generation of rabies vaccines based on rabies glycoprotein (G protein) (Starodubova et al, 2015). Neutralizing Abs against G protein have been shown to be capable of preventing rabies infection.…”

“…Despite the long research history it still remains incurable while vaccination is used as a mean of its prevention. Vaccines currently available on the market are obtained by propagating fixed Rabies virus strains in various animal cell cultures or chicken embryos (Starodubova et al, 2015). Despite being safe and efficacious, vaccines produced in such way can greatly vary between different producers, their efficiency can be significantly reduced by storage and transportation, are very costly, can sometimes cause adverse side effects and require 3 -5 doses to provide sufficient immune protection (Rosales-Mendoza, 2015).…”

Rabies virus glycoprotein produced in Nicotiana benthamiana is an immunogenic antigen in mice

“…Conventional vaccines were generated from viruses that had propagated in the nervous system of infected animals (first-generation) (Pasteur 1885), from viruses cultured in duck embryos (second-generation) (Culbertson et al 1956), and from viruses cultured in cells (third-generation) (Starodubova et al 2015;Rupprecht et al 2016). Because they are generated from live viruses, these vaccines have safety concerns.…”