Rabies Virus Infection in Eptesicus fuscus Bats Born in Captivity (Naïve Bats)

Davis, April; Jarvis, Jodie A.; Pouliott, Craig; Rudd, Robert J.

doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0064808

Cited by 15 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 32 publications

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“…Based on our results, we hypothesize that rabies virus remains latent during hibernation and is recrudescent when bat are moved to ambient temperatures. Similar to previous studies, a homologous RABV was most pathogenic, regardless if bats were maintained at ambient temperatures or torpor [ 8 , 9 ].…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 84%

“…To evaluate the presence of anti-rabies viral neutralizing antibodies (VNA), bats were bled from the uropatagial vein five weeks prior to inoculation to ensure seroconversion had not occurred. The rabies tissue culture serum neutralization test protocol was modified to reduce the amount of sample required to 25ul as previously described [ 8 ].…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Overwintering of Rabies Virus in Silver Haired Bats (Lasionycteris noctivagans)

et al. 2016

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Silver-haired bats, (Lasionycteris noctivagans) are semi-colonial, migratory tree bats that have infrequent contact with humans. Despite the species rarity, the L. noctivagans rabies variant is the most commonly reported rabies virus variant (RABV) in domestically acquired human rabies cases in the US. Unlike big brown bats (Eptesicus fuscus) and little brown bats (Myotis lucifugus), L. noctivagans are not considered true hibernators. It is unknown if RABV can overwinter in hibernating L. noctivagans or is only maintained in members of this taxa that migrate to warmer climates. To better understand RABV overwintering in this species, L. noctivagans were inoculated intramuscularly with either a homologous RABV (L. noctivagans Virus 1) or one of two heterologous RABV (Eptesicus fuscus Virus 2 and Myotis lucifugus Virus 1). Five days following inoculation, L. noctivagans were placed in a hibernation chamber for 6 weeks. Our results demonstrate that rabies virus can overwinter in L. noctivagans yet the incubation period was extended 6 weeks when compared to bats maintained at ambient temperatures. Additionally, we found that the longer the incubation period, the greater the viral dissemination to the salivary glands. Similar to our previous studies, L. noctivagans were most susceptible to a homologous variant. In summary, we found that RABV incubation is extended following a subcutaneous exposure or maintenance in hibernation and longer incubation times increase dissemination and potential for transmission.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 84%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Overwintering of Rabies Virus in Silver Haired Bats (Lasionycteris noctivagans)

et al. 2016

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“…Our results indicate that primary exposure using a homologous RABV has virulence similar to that of exposure using a heterologous RABV. These results were unexpected; in a previous study with E. fuscus, infection with the homologous RABV was more likely to result in clinical illness than infection with a heterologous RABV (23). Streicker et al (2010) reported that although cross-species transmission events were uncommon, they occurred more frequently among closely related species (3).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 94%

Susceptibility and Pathogenesis of Little Brown Bats (Myotis lucifugus) to Heterologous and Homologous Rabies Viruses

Davis

Jarvis

Pouliott

et al. 2013

J Virol

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bRabies virus (RABV) maintenance in bats is not well understood. Big brown bats (Eptesicus fuscus), little brown bats (Myotis lucifugus), and Mexican free-tailed bats (Tadarida brasiliensis) are the most common bats species in the United States. These colonial bat species also have the most frequent contact with humans and domestic animals. However, the silver-haired bat (Lasionycteris noctivagans) RABV is associated with the majority of human rabies virus infections in the United States and Canada. This is of interest because silver-haired bats are more solitary bats with infrequent human interaction. Our goal was to determine the likelihood of a colonial bat species becoming infected with and transmitting a heterologous RABV. To ascertain the potential of heterologous RABV infection in colonial bat species, little brown bats were inoculated with a homologous RABV or one of two heterologous RABVs. Additionally, to determine if the route of exposure influenced the disease process, bats were inoculated either intramuscularly (i.m.) or subcutaneously (s.c.) with a homologous or heterologous RABV. Our results demonstrate that intramuscular inoculation results in a more rapid progression of disease onset, whereas the incubation time in bats inoculated s.c. is significantly longer. Additionally, cross protection was not consistently achieved in bats previously inoculated with a heterologous RABV following a challenge with a homologous RABV 6 months later. Finally, bats that developed rabies following s.c. inoculation were significantly more likely to shed virus in their saliva and demonstrated increased viral dissemination. In summary, bats inoculated via the s.c. route are more likely to shed virus, thus increasing the likelihood of transmission. Lyssavirus infections have been reported in numerous species of terrestrial and flying mammals (1, 2). Several regions of enzootic rabies virus (RABV) activity occur in raccoon, skunk, and fox populations within the continental United States. These enzootic foci are generally limited to homologous infections; e.g., raccoons are infected with a raccoon rabies virus variant (2). Despite less geographical isolation, chiropteran RABVs are also typically limited to their host species (3). However, RABV spillover into heterologous hosts does occur and has been implicated in the origin of raccoon-and skunk-adapted RABVs (4).Two of the most common species of bats in the continental Unites States are the big brown bat (Eptesicus fuscus) and the little brown bat (Myotis lucifugus) (5). These highly colonial species are adapted to living in both urban and rural areas. On the basis of data from public health rabies laboratories, big brown bats and little brown bats are the bat species most commonly submitted for rabies testing. The large number of submissions stems from human or domestic animal exposure (6). Despite frequent interaction, only three human rabies cases acquired in the United States have been associated with the little brown bat or big brown bat RABV since 1990 (Fox News)...

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“…Banerjee et al Virus Research 248 (2018) 5-12 viruses are discovered on a regular basis (Moratelli and Calisher, 2015;Schountz, 2014). Few viruses have been documented to cause disease in bats in addition to rabies and related lyssaviruses (Davis et al, 2012;Davis et al, 2013;McColl et al, 2002). Experimental inoculation of Jamaican fruit bats with high doses of Tacaribe virus caused significant morbidity and mortality similar to natural infection of artibeus bats (Downs et al, 1963).…”

Section: Using Cell Lines To Assess the Immune Response In Bats To VImentioning

confidence: 99%

Tools to study pathogen-host interactions in bats

et al. 2018

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Bats are natural reservoirs for a variety of emerging viruses that cause significant disease in humans and domestic animals yet rarely cause clinical disease in bats. The co-evolutionary history of bats with viruses has been hypothesized to have shaped the bat-virus relationship, allowing both to exist in equilibrium. Progress in understanding bat-virus interactions and the isolation of bat-borne viruses has been accelerated in recent years by the development of susceptible bat cell lines. Viral sequences similar to severe acute respiratory syndrome corona virus (SARS-CoV) have been detected in bats, and filoviruses such as Marburg virus have been isolated from bats, providing definitive evidence for the role of bats as the natural host reservoir. Although viruses can be readily detected in bats using molecular approaches, virus isolation is far more challenging. One of the limitations in using traditional culture systems from non-reservoir species is that cell types and culture conditions may not be compatible for isolation of bat-borne viruses. There is, therefore, a need to develop additional bat cell lines that correspond to different cell types, including less represented cell types such as immune cells, and culture them under more physiologically relevant conditions to study virus host interactions and for virus isolation. In this review, we highlight the current progress in understanding bat-virus interactions in bat cell line systems and some of the challenges and limitations associated with cell lines. Future directions to address some of these challenges to better understand host-pathogen interactions in these intriguing mammals are also discussed, not only in relation to viruses but also other pathogens carried by bats including bacteria and fungi.

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Rabies Virus Infection in Eptesicus fuscus Bats Born in Captivity (Naïve Bats)

Cited by 15 publications

References 32 publications

Overwintering of Rabies Virus in Silver Haired Bats (Lasionycteris noctivagans)

Overwintering of Rabies Virus in Silver Haired Bats (Lasionycteris noctivagans)

Susceptibility and Pathogenesis of Little Brown Bats (Myotis lucifugus) to Heterologous and Homologous Rabies Viruses

Tools to study pathogen-host interactions in bats

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