Race and belief: An open and shut case.

Stein, David D.; Hardyck, Jane Allyn; Smith, M. Brewster

doi:10.1037/h0021870

Cited by 147 publications

(40 citation statements)

References 4 publications

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“…Generally the Byrne and McGraw (1964) research supported the belief theory predictions, as did the Stein et al (1965) and Stein (1966) research (on all prejudice measures except that of "accept as kin by marriage" used in the Stein et al, 1965, research). The southern samples of the Insko and Robinson (1967) and the Robinson and Insko (1969) studies, however , indicated a greater degree of race than belief prejudice on most of the social-distance-type measures which were based on Triandis' behavioral differential factors of friendship acceptance and social distance.…”

Section: Belief Theory Researchmentioning

confidence: 52%

“…Although Byrne and McGraw (1964) used only the choice of friendship and work partner measures of the previous Byrne research, the research of Stein (1966) and Stein et al (1965) used social-distance-type measures which ranged into such race-sensitive areas as acceptance as kin by marriage. The dependent measures of Insko and Robinson (1967) and Robinson and Insko (1969) included both semantic differential and social-distance-type items.…”

Section: Belief Theory Researchmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In subsequent related research by Byrne and McGraw (1964), Stein, Hardyck, and Smith (1965), Stein (1966), Insko and Robinson (1967), and Robinson and Insko (1969), the attitude checklist belief manipulation method was elaborated and applied to different subject populations, in some cases with the addition of such factors as age and, religious differences attributed to the stimulus individuals. The Byrne and McGraw (1964) research used the same checklist of attitude manipulations of belief as the previous Byrne research.…”

Section: Belief Theory Researchmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The Byrne and McGraw (1964) research used the same checklist of attitude manipulations of belief as the previous Byrne research. Stein et al (1965) and Stein (1966) used a teenager questionnaire of about 2-5 items, a few of which were relevant to stereotypes of blacks (concerning intelligence, morality, ambition, and dancing ability). Insko and Robinson (1967) and Robinson and Insko (1969) used many of the same belief manipulation items of Stein's research, adding several items taken from the Blake and Dennis (1943) study on Negro stereotypes.…”

Section: Belief Theory Researchmentioning

confidence: 99%

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A modified belief theory of prejudice emphasizing the mutual causality of racial prejudice and anticipated belief differences.

Dienstbier¹

1972

Psychological Review

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The belief theory of prejudice introduced by M. Rokeach stated that racial prejudice is the result of the anticipation of belief differences. The unidirectional causal relationship implied is criticized as oversimplified. Research supporting the belief theory is examined, with conceptual and experimental deficiencies noted. A new formulation is proposed which emphasizes mutual causality between racial prejudice and anticipated belief differences. Two studies supporting that view are presented in which belief communications were presented as tape-recorded interviews or speeches, with the race and social class of the communicator first having been manipulated. The interrelationships between communicator's race, specific communication topic, and subject's prejudice level on the dimensions of felt similarity of the subject to the communicator are seen as supporting the mutual causation formulation.The belief theory of prejudice suggests that prejudice results from an aversion toward individuals who hold beliefs which are incongruent with one's own. It was postulated that the aversion toward incompatible beliefs was due to universal needs for consensual validation (Rokeach, Smith, & Evans, 1960) and/or the desire for the reinforcement provided by belief agreement (Byrne & Wong, 1962). Furthermore, belief theory proponents have suggested that without anticipations about belief differences, no prejudice would exist.

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Section: Belief Theory Researchmentioning

confidence: 52%

Section: Belief Theory Researchmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Belief Theory Researchmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Belief Theory Researchmentioning

confidence: 99%

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A modified belief theory of prejudice emphasizing the mutual causality of racial prejudice and anticipated belief differences.

Dienstbier¹

1972

Psychological Review

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“…This is plausible if, as Rokeach supposed, outgroup members were typically assumed to harbor beliefs and values conflicting with those of the ingroup. Rokeach's position was initially controversial (see Stein, Hardyck, & Smith, 1965;Triandis, 1961;Triandis & Davis, 1965), but the controversy gradually disappeared. And, as already mentioned, by 1970 the similarity-attraction principle had been extended beyond attitudes to other characteristics (Byrne et al, 1970).…”

Section: Findings: Favoring Ingroup Membersmentioning

confidence: 99%

With malice toward none and charity for some: Ingroup favoritism enables discrimination.

Greenwald¹,

Pettigrew

2014

American Psychologist

315

232

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Dramatic forms of discrimination, such as lynching, property destruction, and hate crimes, are widely understood to be consequences of prejudicial hostility. This article focuses on what has heretofore been only an infrequent countertheme in scientific work on discrimination-that favoritism toward ingroups can be responsible for much discrimination. We extend this counterthesis to the strong conclusion that ingroup favoritism is plausibly more significant as a basis for discrimination in contemporary American society than is outgroup-directed hostility. This conclusion has implications for theory, research methods, and practical remedies.

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Determinants of executive beliefs: comparing functional conditioning and social influence

et al. 1999

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Race and belief: An open and shut case.

Cited by 147 publications

References 4 publications

A modified belief theory of prejudice emphasizing the mutual causality of racial prejudice and anticipated belief differences.

A modified belief theory of prejudice emphasizing the mutual causality of racial prejudice and anticipated belief differences.

With malice toward none and charity for some: Ingroup favoritism enables discrimination.

Determinants of executive beliefs: comparing functional conditioning and social influence

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