Race and Ethnicity in Latin America

Wade, Peter

doi:10.26530/oapen_625258

Cited by 352 publications

(262 citation statements)

References 107 publications

(153 reference statements)

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“…Many of these ideas are rooted in historical events that continue to impact the meaning of race. Many of these conceptions are based on each nation's experiences with slavery and colonialism which contributed to very different ways of conceptualizing the notion of race and racial categories (Skidmore 1993;Wade 1997;Wright 1994). While in the U.S. the "one-drop rule" of racial categorization lead people who were considered to have "one drop" of African ancestry to be considered Black, in Brazil, it was almost the opposite, with "one drop" of European ancestry the individual was considered to be White (Skidmore 1993;Wright 1994).…”

Section: Spanish-language Televisionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Gender and Race Portrayals on Spanish-Language Television

Rivadeneyra

2011

Sex Roles

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Gender and racial stereotypes continue to permeate our society and one context in which these stereotypes are perpetuated are the media. Although we have a history of content analysis of gender and racial portrayals on English-language television aired in the U.S., few systematic analyses have been conducted on Spanish-language television that airs in the same country. Our team of coders analyzed 466 characters and 481 2-minute intervals on 19 episodes of Spanish-language soap operas or telenovelas that aired in the Los Angeles broadcast area of the U.S. in the summer of 2002. Telenovelas were the programming type selected as they make up the bulk of Spanish-language network television in the U.S. The programs were coded in terms of how gender and race are presented on these programs by first coding the characteristics of speaking characters (including their race and gender) and then coding what actions these characters displayed in 2-minute intervals. Although females and males were represented in equal numbers, gender stereotypes abound. Physical appearance and nurturing roles were more likely to be the focus for female characters while occupational roles were more likely to be the focus for male characters. In terms of race, the overwhelming majority of characters were light-skinned and characters with darker skin were portrayed in extremes and more sexualized. These representations replicate some of the same stereotypes found on English-language television with some notable differences in terms of number of women represented.

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Section: Spanish-language Televisionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Gender and Race Portrayals on Spanish-Language Television

Rivadeneyra

2011

Sex Roles

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“…Temporally, mestizaje is construed as progress towards modernity, with blackness and indigeneity being left behind as the nation moves towards mixedness (Stutzman 1981). In the dominant "structures of alterity" (Wade 2010), indigeneity is othered most clearly, while blackness may, as in Brazil, be seen as a less valuable but nevertheless integral part of the nation. Still, blackness is given a naturalized association with backwardness.…”

Section: Mestizaje As a Mediator Of The Contradictions Of Liberalismmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Conceptual links between mestizaje and democracy were made primarily in the nineteenth and early to mid-twentieth centuries, when Latin American nation-building elites confronted their majority black, indigenous, and mixed populations in a context in which Euro-American thinkers and scientists described these populations as biologically inferior and uncivilized and saw mixture as a degenerative process. Latin American elites found various possible ways forward (Appelbaum, Macpherson, and Rosemblatt 2003;Larson 2004;Lasso 2007;Peard 1999;Stepan 1991;Wade 2010). One option was to encourage European immigration in an attempt to racially "whiten" and thus supposedly improve the population.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Liberalism and Its Contradictions: Democracy and Hierarchy in Mestizaje and Genomics in Latin America

Wade

2022

Lat. American Res. Rev.

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This article explores Latin American genomic studies of mestizaje and the way mestizaje's inherent contradiction between equality and hierarchy-a contradiction typical of liberalism-is managed in genomics. In Latin America, ideologies and practices of mestizaje may be seen as an antidote to hierarchies of race and class, but also as a terrain for the enactment of these hierarchies. Mestizaje mediates this contradiction between equality and hierarchy first by deploying the idea of sexual intimacy and family kinship across racial difference, and second by representing blackness and indigeneity as spatially peripheral and temporally backward-looking, thus naturalizing them as other. Multiculturalism can be seen as a recent variant on these themes, as well as a departure from them. Recent genomics research in Latin America strongly reiterates these ideas, while also adding some new twists. Despite its apparent connection with progressive politics and policies (antiracism, better health for all, protection of human rights for victims of oppression), genomics here appears as a mainly conservative force.Este artículo aborda las investigaciones genómicas latinoamericanas del mestizaje y cómo la contradicción inherente del mestizaje entre la igualdad y la jerarquía-una contradicción típica del liberalismo-se maneja en la genómica. En América Latina las ideologías y prácticas del mestizaje pueden ser entendidas como un antídoto a las jerarquías de raza y clase, pero también como el terreno en el cual se reproducen estas jerarquías. El mestizaje media esta contradicción entre la igualdad y la jerarquía primero al usar la idea de que la intimidad sexual y el parentesco atraviesan las diferencias racializadas; y segundo al representar lo negro y lo indígena como espacialmente periféricos y temporalmente atrasados, de esta manera naturalizándolos como Otro. Se puede entender el multiculturalismo como una variante reciente de estos temas, así como una divergencia de ellos. En la ciencia genómica latinoamericana, investigaciones recientes reiteran fuertemente estas ideas, a la vez agregándoles nuevas acepciones. A pesar de su aparente vínculo con las políticas sociales progresivas (anti-racismo, mejor salud para todos, protección de los derechos humanos para las víctimas de la violencia), en este caso la genómica se presenta como una fuerza más que todo conservadora.In political orders governed by liberalism, there is a powerful tension between hierarchy and democratic egalitarianism. In this article, I argue that in Latin America, this tension is mediated in a specific way, via ideas and practices of mestizaje, which contain both the possibility of racial hierarchy and the possibility of its overcoming through racial democratization, a possibility that has been long highlighted by many intellectuals both inside and outside the region. These dual potentials are enacted by an emphasis on the sexual intimacy and familial aspect of mestizaje, which both de-emphasizes racial difference and hierarchy and acts as an arena for their r...

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“…This preference for whiteness underscores the pervasive logic of whitening embedded in mestizaje, which dreams of improving the Mexican race (or mejorar la raza). Social anthropologist Peter Wade [18] observes that whiteness and social mobility are intimately intertwined: "there are structural links between vertical mobility and whitening which create a general association between being 'whiter' and having more money, education and power" (p.77).…”

Section: The Cult Of the Mestizomentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This theory, developed by the French naturalist Jean Baptiste de Lamarck, posited that changes to an individual caused by environmental factors could be passed down to offspring and become part of its hereditary composition [18]. Historian Alexandra Stern [19] notes that neo-Lamarckism became popular in Mexico "because it implied that human actors were capable…of improving the national 'stock' through environmental intervention and, eventually, of generating a robust populace" (p.190), thereby legitimating the politics of indigenismo or assimilation that the likes of Gamio [7] endorsed.…”

Section: The Cult Of the Mestizomentioning

confidence: 99%