Race and leisure constraints

Testing a Leisure Constraints Model in the Context of Asian International Students

“…More specifically, they found that non-traditional populations would experience unique sets of perceptual leisure constraints as a function of different culture, values, and attitudes toward leisure activities. Philipp (1995) indicated that racial minorities in the U.S. form a distinct set of leisure constraints as compared to the majority American population. The result suggests that the adaptation of leisure constraints should be carefully designed by taking unique characteristics of the population into account.…”

“…Alexandris and Carroll (1997) provided further empirical evidence in this proposition as they found that minority social groups experienced a higher level of perceptual barriers in leisure participation than the majority social groups in Greece. Philipp (1995) also posited that racial minorities in the U.S. would experience unique socio-cultural barriers which deprive them of their leisure opportunities. The impact of leisure constraints would be attenuated when the demographic characteristics are not taken into account in the design of research.…”

“…In addition, International Journal of Sport Management, Recreation & Tourism 61 studies revealed that the level of leisure involvement differs to a great degree as a function of demographic characteristics such as age, gender, and race (Alexandris & Carroll, 1997;Jackson & Dunn, 1987;Philipp, 1995). Alexandris and Carroll (1997) provided further empirical evidence in this proposition as they found that minority social groups experienced a higher level of perceptual barriers in leisure participation than the majority social groups in Greece.…”

Theoretical Perspectives of Ethnicity and Outdoor Recreation: A Review and Synthesis of African-American and European-American Participation

“…Socioeconomic status, 10 resource access, and knowledge of recreation resources have all been used to represent marginality factors, but none has been used consistently. Philipp (1995) also charges that a deeper understanding of marginality indicators such as socioeconomic status and access to resources is needed. He argues that marginality is more complex than annual income, and indicators such as socioeconomic status and resource access should be viewed both temporally and cross sectionally.…”

“…For example, ethnic minorities who are first-generation middle class may express different leisure preferences than members of the same ethnic group who have been middle class for several generations. Philipp (1995) argues that acquiring the tastes, habits, mannerisms, spending patterns, time allocation patterns, and leisure preferences of the middle class may take more than one generation.…”