Race and virulence characterization of Puccinia graminis f. sp. tritici in China

Abstract

Wheat stem rust was once the most destructive plant disease, but it has been largely controlled. However, to prevent future problems, the ongoing development of resistant wheat varieties requires knowledge of the changing virulence patterns for Pgt virulence of the fungus that causes wheat stem rust and the detection of new races. Surveys were conducted from 2013–2014 to determine the races of the Pgt present in China. Low levels of stem rust infections were found in China during this investigation and 11 Puccinia graminis f. sp. tritici (Pgt) samples were obtained. In addition, 22 Pgt samples collected from the alternate host (Berberis) were obtained and have been reported for the first time. Fifty-three isolates were obtained from all samples. Four race groups, including 13 physiological races, were identified. They included the most prevalent races, 34C3MTGQM and 34C6MRGQM, with 13.2% predominance, followed by 34C0MRGQM at 11.3%. Six new races that were virulent against the resistance genes, Sr5 + Sr11, were found for the first time in China, namely 34C0MRGQM, 34C3MTGQM, 34C3MKGQM, 34C3MKGSM, 34C6MTGSM, and 34C6MRGQM, with a predominance of 11.3, 13.2, 9.4, 9.4, 1.9, and 13.2%, respectively. Most of the genes studied were ineffective against one or more of the tested isolates, except Sr9e, Sr21, Sr26, Sr31, Sr33, Sr38, Sr47, and SrTt3. Genes Sr35, SrTmp, Sr30, Sr37, Sr17, and Sr36 were effective in 92.5, 86.8, 84.9, 84.9, 79.3, and 77.4% of the tested isolates, respectively. In contrast, all of the isolates were virulent against Sr6, Sr7b, Sr9a, Sr9b, Sr9d, Sr9g, and SrMcN. Our results indicate that remarkable differences exist among the categories of the races in this study (i.e., their known virulence gene spectra) and the Pgt races reported previously. In addition, the sexual cycle of Pgt may contribute to its diversity in China.

miR‐4709 overexpression facilitates cancer proliferation and invasion via downregulating NR3C2 and is an unfavorable prognosis factor in colon adenocarcinoma

“…[13] In addition, miR-4709 was suggested to be linked with poor prognosis in colon cancer. [14] In our study, the Kaplan-Meier analysis implied that the increased miR-4709 expression was connected with worse OS for patients with EC, which is consistent with the bioinformatics study reported by Wei et al [25] who found that high expression of miR-4709 had lower survival rate than that in the low expression group. Thus, we confirm that overexpression of miR-4709 is associated with worse prognosis of COAD.…”

“…Of note, miR‐4709 overexpression has been demonstrated to be linked with unfavorable prognosis in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma patients . In addition, miR‐4709 was suggested to be linked with poor prognosis in colon cancer . In our study, the Kaplan‐Meier analysis implied that the increased miR‐4709 expression was connected with worse OS for patients with EC, which is consistent with the bioinformatics study reported by Wei et al who found that high expression of miR‐4709 had lower survival rate than that in the low expression group.…”

“…A genome‐scale analysis exhibited that an 11‐miRNA prognostic signature including miR‐4709 performed well in the prognosis prediction in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma patients . In addition, miR‐4709 was suggested to be linked with poor prognosis in colon cancer . Nevertheless, there are few studies on the molecular mechanisms of how miR‐4709 influences COAD progression.…”

“…[13] In addition, miR-4709 was suggested to be linked with poor prognosis in colon cancer. [14] Nevertheless, there are few studies on the molecular mechanisms of how miR-4709 influences COAD progression. Hence, it is necessary to conduct deeper analyses of biological roles and prognosis of miR-4709 in COAD.…”

Insights into the riddles of codon usage patterns and codon context signatures in fungal genus Puccinia, a persistent threat to global agriculture

“…Availability of complete genome sequences of various Puccinia species like Pso, Pgr, Ptr, Pst, and Pco has opened up floodgates to explore their genomic niceties and investigate the complex strategies that they opt to infect their target host plants. Tremendous advancements have been made pertaining to comparative genomics, phylogenetic analyses and pathogenesis of Puccinia . Valuable information regarding interaction of various Puccinia species with their susceptible host plants has been mined efficiently, providing thorough know‐how about their infective policies .…”