“…In the 1990s, the existence of a racist health care system was either denied outright ( Funkhouser & Moser, 1990 ) or “whited-out” ( Jackson, 1993 ) through cultural analyses that attributed health care disparities to individual health behaviors while also attributing careworkers’ experiences of systemic racism to individual bias ( Porter & Barbee, 2004 ). However, ongoing research in the 21st century draws our attention to the ways that race operates as a barrier and an axis of inequality in both nursing education and nursing practice ( Beard & Julion, 2016 ; Byrne, 2001 ; Doede, 2017 ; Gilliss, Powell, & Carter, 2010 ; J. M. Hall & Fields, 2013 ; Hamilton & Haozous, 2017 ; Hassouneh, 2013 ; Lancellotti, 2008 ; Mapedzahama, Rudge, West, & Perron, 2012 ; Moceri, 2012 , 2014 ; Moore & Continelli, 2016 ; Robinson, 2014 ; Schroeder & DiAngelo, 2010 ).…”