Race Counts: Racial and Ethnic Data on the U.S. Census and the Implications for Tracking Inequality

Strmic-Pawl, Hephzibah V.; Jackson, Brandon A.; Garner, Steve

doi:10.1177/2332649217742869

Cited by 73 publications

(54 citation statements)

References 29 publications

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“…However, other minority groups such as Asian Americans, and Muslim Americans (who hold a religious minority identity) are similarly stereotyped as foreign (Hakim, Molina, & Branscombe, ; Zou & Cheryan, ), and excluded from the American cultural identity (Devos & Ma, ; Theiss‐Morse, ). Though several current anti‐immigration policies, such as building a wall on the southern U.S. border and adding a citizenship question to the 2020 Census are projected to especially impact Latin Americans (Strmic‐Pawl, Jackson, & Garner, ; Wines, ), future research should test contexts that could lead other ethnic minority populations to view identity questioning as prejudice. For example, policies banning immigration from majority Muslim countries might especially influence how Muslim Americans interpret identity questioning experiences and threaten their sense of belonging in the country.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Identity Questioning: Antecedents and Consequences of Prejudice Attributions

Albuja

Sanchez

Gaither

2019

Journal of Social Issues

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Many ethnic minorities in the United States hold both an ethnic minority and national American identity. Yet, they often encounter identity questioning when asked questions such as, "Where are you really from?," which may operate as an ambiguous threat to their national identity. Because varied motivations (curiosity versus exclusion) create ambiguity, targets likely vary in their tendency to view identity questioning as prejudicial. Study 1 examined the extent to which ethnic minorities attribute identity questioning to prejudice, and the associated well-being consequences. Study 2 examined the immigration policy-oriented antecedents of identity questioning prejudice attributions. The results suggest that prejudice attributions are psychologically harmful (Study 1) and are associated with anti-immigration policies (Study 2). Because identity questioning challenges one's ability to maintain a dual identity, it is important to better understand identity questioning. Specifically, these findings provide initial evidence of the role policy contexts may play in shaping identity questioning attributions.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Identity Questioning: Antecedents and Consequences of Prejudice Attributions

Albuja

Sanchez

Gaither

2019

Journal of Social Issues

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“…In line with the US Census, we categorized race/ethnicity as follows: non-Latino white, non-Latino black, Latino, Asian and Pacific Islander (API), and AIAN. 11 Death certificate and census data collect ethnicity information using the category Spanish/Hispanic/Latino; we used the term Latino for this category. County-level SES was examined using data from the American Community Survey (2011-2015).…”

Section: Variablesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Trends in Alcohol-Induced Deaths in the United States, 2000-2016

et al. 2020

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IMPORTANCE Notable increases in mortality from alcohol-induced causes over the past 2 decades in the United States have been reported. However, comprehensive assessments of trends in alcoholinduced mortality by sex, age, race/ethnicity, and social and geographic factors are lacking. OBJECTIVE To examine trends in alcohol-induced mortality rates from 2000 to 2016, comparing results by demographic characteristics including sex, race/ethnicity, age, county-level socioeconomic status, and geographic location. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS This serial cross-sectional study used US national vital statistics data for years 2000 to 2016 for all US residents older than 15 years. Data analysis was conducted from January to September 2019. EXPOSURES Trends in alcohol-induced mortality by sex, race/ethnicity, age, county-level socioeconomic status (ie, median income, percentage of unemployed residents, percentage of residents with a bachelor's degree), rurality level, and US state. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES Alcohol-induced mortality, ie, deaths for which alcohol holds a population-attributable fraction of 1. Deaths were expressed per 100 000 residents as absolute and age-standardized rates. Mortality trends were measured as average annual percentage changes (AAPCs) for the entire period (ie, 2000-2016) and annual percentage changes (APCs) for individual periods of change within the study period.

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“…Additionally, they note that these problematic census data can potentially change policy and rhetoric about the affected populations. (Strmic‐Pawl, Jackson, and Garner ) . While the requirement to adhere to racial categorizations in federal research grants is an attempt to rectify past abuses, such as those that occurred within the Tuskegee Syphilis study (see Washington for details about this study) and mitigate the possibility of ignoring understudied/underrepresented groups, it, in effect, encourages researchers to impose a racialized study design sometimes without thoughtful regard to the role or meaning of race within the study.…”

Section: Race In the Context Of Social Science And Biomedicinementioning

confidence: 98%

Race, Rare Genetic Variants, and the Science of Human Difference in the Post‐Genomic Age

Torres

2019

Transforming Anthropology

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Understanding of human genetic variation has grown significantly in the twenty‐first century but has not been adequately incorporated into anti‐racist anthropological perspectives. Research into the underlying structure of human disease suggests that common diseases may be caused by rare genetic variants. These variants tend to be specific to populations that are oftentimes racially defined. Consequently, genetic studies that seek to identify disease‐causing rare variants rely upon racialized frameworks. Despite social scientific perspectives that endorse a nonbiological basis to race, within biomedicine, biological uses of race remain entrenched due to their utility for identifying the causes of the disease. Anthropologists must be responsive to these utilizations of race or risk irrelevance in shaping how researchers understand and use human variation. Through critique and careful incorporation of new knowledge about the nature of human genetic variation into anthropological perspectives, anthropologists can continue to make meaningful contributions to understanding the relationship between biology and race.

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Race Counts: Racial and Ethnic Data on the U.S. Census and the Implications for Tracking Inequality

Cited by 73 publications

References 29 publications

Identity Questioning: Antecedents and Consequences of Prejudice Attributions

Identity Questioning: Antecedents and Consequences of Prejudice Attributions

Trends in Alcohol-Induced Deaths in the United States, 2000-2016

Race, Rare Genetic Variants, and the Science of Human Difference in the Post‐Genomic Age

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