Race, ethnicity, and the incorporation experiences of Hmong American young adults: insights from a mixed-method, longitudinal study

Misrecognition and Well‐being in Culturally White Northern New England☆

“…Another contribution to the current literature is that this study includes a multiracial, multinational sample of racial and ethnic minorities, particularly one with a large and diverse group of Asian Americans. This inclusive sample allows me to analyze the data through a racialized incorporation lens that emphasizes the “uneven, incomplete integration of diverse, non‐European migrants” (Swartz, Hartmann, and Vue 2022:1198) and recognizes that “many Americans of color and of immigrant origin understand themselves and their experiences in society through racial and ethnic lenses” (Hartmann, Baiocchi, and Swartz 2018:332). Conceptually, I bring immigrant and native‐born non‐white people together under the broad umbrellas of “people of color” and “racialized minorities” in order to emphasize their common experiences with stigmatization.…”

“…Migration scholars have demonstrated how the “context of reception”—broadly, the opportunity structure, perceptions of acceptance, and availability of social support in the local community (Schwartz et al 2014)—is a key determinant of “incorporation,” or full participation in major social institutions and membership in the new community (Portes and Rumbaut [1996] 2014). I utilize and expand on this notion by considering the current data against the backdrop of emerging theories of racialized incorporation (Lee and Kye 2016; Swartz, Hartmann, and Vue 2022), which demonstrate how racial group boundaries remain bright even as groups are socially mobile and assimilate over time. It is important to understand the ways in which race continues to matter for groups, such as Latinx and Asian Americans, that are growing due to ongoing immigration and often migrating directly to rural areas for labor reasons.…”

From One Generation to the Next: Hmong American Adolescents’ Views of Maternal Racial Socialization

“…When discussing race, past research indicates that families sometimes engage in ethnic socialization, as well as ethnic/race neutral socialization practices, which are separate dimensions in the distinct processes model (Paasch-Anderson & Lamborn, 2014; Swartz et al, 2021). Conceptually, ethnic socialization refers to messages and practices that encompass a group’s shared heritage, language, and culture that signify self-defined attributes and affiliation to one’s group.…”

“…Hmong Americans have been described as valuing cultural traditions as a method of addressing racial tensions they experience while living in the U.S. They also recognize that their racial features restrict their capacity to become a part of mainstream culture in the U.S. (Swartz et al, 2021). This interweaving of race and ethnicity can be studied more effectively with the distinct processes model because it permits differentiation of racial and ethnic strategies that are likely to be engaged by Hmong Americans.…”

The heart of whiteness: On the study of whiteness and White Americans

“…This is with respect to highlighting roles any contemporary white absorption would likely play in the general maintenance of white dominance, modeling what absorption might look like should it transpire for other groups, as well as helping to locate other related social or ideological consequences within prevailing political culture. The "assimilation" of Euro-ethnic groups crucially transpired not into a melting pot so to speak, but within shifting-though firmly hierarchically arrangedbroader racialized categories; indeed, some have argued that assimilation itself was segmented and racialized (see generally Portes & Zhou, 1993; see also Swartz et al, 2021). On other consequence, qualitative works near Century's turn notably found that whites identifying with waning European ethnicity were prone to holding onto colorblind individualism via imagining connection with (hardships faced by) European immigrant antecedents (Brodkin, 1998;Gallagher, 2003b;Jacobson, 1998Jacobson, , 2006Waters, 1990) Herbert Gans, who first theorized these "symbolic"-thinning, fundamentally voluntary, not necessarily determinative-forms Euro-ethnic ties assumed (Gans, 1979), now sees a political and cultural whitening ahead for Hispanics (Gans 2012); this may be reflected in 2020 voting patterns where the Democratic party underperformed with Latinos and Asians relative to expectations.…”