Race/Ethnicity, Mortality, and Longevity

Hummer, Robert A.; Melvin, Jennifer E.; Sheehan, Connor M.; Wang, Ying-Ting

doi:10.1891/9780826109644.0009

Cited by 5 publications

(8 citation statements)

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“…Although we do find population variability by Latino subgroup, for both men and women, much of the difference in life expectancy with and without functional limitations is concentrated among the foreign-born, with Mexicans and Cubans having longer and healthier lives than Whites and other U.S.born Latino subgroups. This finding supports previous research that finds better health among foreign-born Latinos for many health outcomes (Cantu et al, 2013;Hummer et al, 2013;Melvin et al, 2014) and suggests that health selection may help explain part of the results. However, this does not apply to island-born Puerto Ricans who are not immigrants but rather U.S. citizens by birth and therefore likely less health selected.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 90%

Nativity and Country of Origin Variations in Life Expectancy With Functional Limitations Among Older Hispanics in the United States

et al. 2020

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This study examined racial/ethnic, nativity, and country of origin differences in life expectancy with and without functional limitations among older adults in the United States. We used data from the National Health Interview Survey (1999–2015) to estimate Sullivan-based life tables of life expectancies with functional limitations and without functional limitations by sex for U.S.-born Mexicans, foreign-born Mexicans, U.S.-born Puerto Ricans, island-born Puerto Ricans, foreign-born Cubans, and U.S.-born Whites. We find that Latinos exhibit heterogeneous life expectancies with functional limitations. Among females, U.S.-born Mexicans, foreign-born Mexicans, and foreign-born Cubans spend significantly fewer years without functional limitations, whereas island-born Puerto Ricans spend more years with functional limitations. For men, U.S.-born Puerto Ricans were the only Latino subgroup disadvantaged in the number of years lived with functional limitations. Conversely, foreign-born Cubans spend significantly fewer years without functional limitations. To address disparities in functional limitations, we must consider variation in health among Latino subgroups.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 90%

Nativity and Country of Origin Variations in Life Expectancy With Functional Limitations Among Older Hispanics in the United States

et al. 2020

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“…Our results also revealed that most U.S.-born minority groups – in particular blacks, Puerto Ricans, Mexican Americans, and Other Hispanics – were characterized by poorer health than U.S.-born whites in all age groups. Prior studies suggest that socioeconomic disadvantages among these populations play an important part in their poorer health relative to whites ( Hummer, Benjamin, and Rogers 2004 , Hummer et al 2013 ). These wide differences in health across racial/ethnic groups illustrate that the U.S. has a considerable way to go to achieve health equality.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Racial/ethnic and nativity differences in functioning and disability in mid- and late life are of crucial importance because they highlight the physical consequences of social inequality in U.S. society ( Hummer et al 2013 ). These inequalities result in differing heath trajectories in mid- and late life across groups.…”

Section: Conceptual Frameworkmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…These shifts will change the demographic structure of the elderly population and influence future population health patterns. Indeed, levels of poor physical functioning and disability are higher for older-aged blacks and Hispanics compared to the majority non-Hispanic white population ( Cantu et al 2013 ; Hummer et al 2013 ; Kelley-Moore and Ferraro 2004 ; Manton, Gu, and Lamb 2006 ; Mehta, Sudharsanan, and Elo 2013 ). Recent research also documents increases in disability for adults in midlife; this increase may be more prevalent for minority groups ( Freedman et al 2013 ; Martin and Schoeni 2013 ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Age patterns of racial/ethnic/nativity differences in disability and physical functioning in the United States

Melvin¹,

Hummer²,

Elo³

et al. 2014

DemRes

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BACKGROUND Rapid population aging and increasing racial/ethnic and immigrant/native diversity make a broad documentation of U.S. health patterns during both mid- and late life particularly important. OBJECTIVE We aim to better understand age- and gender-specific racial/ethnic and nativity differences in physical functioning and disability among adults aged 50 and above. METHODS We aggregate 14 years of data from the National Health Interview Survey and calculate age- and gender-specific proportions of physical functioning and two types of disability for each population subgroup. RESULTS Middle-aged foreign-born individuals in nearly every subgroup exhibit lower proportions of functional limitations and disability than U.S.-born whites. This pattern of immigrant advantage is generally reversed in later life. Moreover, most U.S.-born minority groups have significantly higher levels of functional limitations and disability than U.S.-born whites in both mid- and late life. CONCLUSIONS Higher levels of functional limitations and disability among U.S.-born minority groups and immigrant populations in older adulthood pose serious challenges for health providers and policymakers in a rapidly diversifying and aging population.

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“…Research also finds Black and Hispanic adults, who often pay a physical price for attending college, receive diminished social and economic returns from a college education. That is, college educated Black and Hispanic adults earn less and accumulate less wealth over the life course compared to their White counterparts ( DeNavas-Walt, 2010 ; Hummer et al, 2013 ; Pew, 2016 ). This is, in part, a result of discrimination faced by Black and Hispanic adults throughout their occupational careers: greater difficulty finding work ( Bertrand & Mullainathan, 2004 ), lower levels of pay at baseline, and lower odds of promotion once hired ( Becton et al, 2008 ; Maume Jr, 1999 ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Race/ethnic differences in educational gradients in sleep duration and quality among U.S. adults

Sheehan

Walsemann

Ailshire

2020

SSM - Population Health

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At the population level, those with more education tend to report better sleep, mirroring the education gradient found in other health outcomes. But research has shown that higher educational attainment does not always confer the same health benefits for Non-Hispanic Black (Black) and Hispanic adults as it does for Non-Hispanic White (White) adults. It is therefore possible that the educational gradient in sleep varies across racial/ethnic groups in the United States. Using the 2004–2018 National Health Interview Survey (N = 356,048), we examined differences in self-reported sleep duration and sleep quality by level of educational attainment and race/ethnicity. Utilizing multinomial (sleep duration) and negative binomial (times in the past week with difficulty falling asleep and staying asleep) regression models, we found that, compared to their less educated counterparts, college or more educated Whites were more likely to report ideal sleep compared to short or long sleep, and also reported fewer times with difficulty falling or staying asleep. The education-sleep association was generally reversed for Black and Hispanic adults, with the worst sleep being reported by those with college-level education. These patterns remained after adjusting for health behaviors, health outcomes, and socioeconomic status. Our study suggests that education does not yield the same protective benefit for sleep among Black and Hispanic adults as it does for White adults, and that highly educated Black and Hispanic adults in particular experience a sleep disadvantage. The differential education gradient in sleep may, therefore, be an important factor underlying current racial and ethnic health disparities.

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Race/Ethnicity, Mortality, and Longevity

Cited by 5 publications

References 0 publications

Nativity and Country of Origin Variations in Life Expectancy With Functional Limitations Among Older Hispanics in the United States

Nativity and Country of Origin Variations in Life Expectancy With Functional Limitations Among Older Hispanics in the United States

Age patterns of racial/ethnic/nativity differences in disability and physical functioning in the United States

Race/ethnic differences in educational gradients in sleep duration and quality among U.S. adults

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