Race-Specific Gender Equality and Rape: A Further Test of Feminist Hypotheses

Eschholz, Sarah; Vieraitis, Lynne M.

doi:10.1023/b:crit.0000040257.84183.e5

Cited by 25 publications

(44 citation statements)

References 37 publications

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“…Depending on the specific type of gender inequality (e.g., income or labor force participation), the results vary considerably across studies and often lead to contradictory conclusions. The relationship between income inequality and female victimization rates, for example, has been reported to be negligible in some studies (see, e.g., Brewer and Smith, 1995; Ellis and Beattie, 1983; Eschholz and Vieraitis, 2004), significantly positive in others (supporting the ameliorative hypothesis; see, e.g., Peterson and Bailey, 1992), and significantly negative in others (supporting the backlash hypothesis; see, e.g., DeWees and Parker, 2003; Vieraitis and Williams, 2002). The evaluation of women's relative labor force participation (independent of their income) likewise has produced mixed results (e.g., Brewer and Smith, 1995; DeWees and Parker, 2003; Macmillan and Gartner, 1999; Vieraitis and Williams, 2002).…”

Section: Prior Researchmentioning

confidence: 96%

Violence Against Women in U.S. Metropolitan Areas: Changes in Women's Status and Risk, 1980–2004*

2011

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This article examines the impact of women's status on rates of violence against women using longitudinal data from the National Crime Survey and National Crime Victimization Survey for 40 U.S. metropolitan areas for the period 1980 to 2004. Drawing on feminist and routine activities perspectives, we specify hypotheses about the association between women's status and violent victimization, some of which predict different effects depending on whether the offender is a stranger, intimate, or known (nonintimate) other. Consistent with feminist and other perspectives, we find that absolute increases in women's labor force participation, income, and education are associated with decreases in intimate partner violence. Our findings also provide limited support for the backlash hypothesis by showing that increases in female labor participation relative to men are associated with increases in intimate partner violence but not with increases in violence by others. Consistent with routine activities theory, the data also indicate that absolute increases in female labor force participation are associated with increases in victimization by strangers and by known others. Furthermore, we find that absolute increases in female voter participation are associated with decreases in violence for all victim–offender relationship categories. The findings thus show that changes in the status of women have both positive and negative associations with violence victimization, and that comparative analyses of different types of violence are necessary for clarifying the sources of violence against women.

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Section: Prior Researchmentioning

confidence: 96%

Violence Against Women in U.S. Metropolitan Areas: Changes in Women's Status and Risk, 1980–2004*

2011

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“…Rather than merely seek out characteristics of “typical” rapists or promising avoidance strategies, Brownmiller and others have demanded that researchers, providers, and state officials target the social conditions that contribute to a rape-supportive culture. Efforts to incorporate other dimensions of social inequality, such as race and class (Clemans, 2005; Eschholz & Vieraitis, 2004; White, Strube, & Fisher, 1998), have made the feminist model of rape even more valuable to antiviolence scholarship and activism. For these reasons, many feminist activists have approached rape as a civil rights issue, arguing that men’s sexual violence toward women represents a particularly pervasive and harmful dimension of sexist violence.…”

Section: Gendered Assumptions and The Reduction Of Violence Against Wmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Although men’s violence against women accounts for a substantial proportion of sexual violence more broadly, exclusive attention to patriarchy—or rather, to violence that may be accounted for entirely by patriarchy—obscures the reality of other gendered patterns in sexual violence (Capers, 2011; Levine, 2015; Rothman, Exner, & Baughman, 2011) and the role of other social forces such as racism and ableism (Clemans, 2005; Eschholz & Vieraitis, 2004). Furthermore, the conflation of sexual violence with men’s violence against women is detrimental to the cause of reducing violence against women for at least two reasons: First, this encourages problematic associations of womanliness with safety, thereby obscuring violence perpetrated by women against people of all genders, including other women (Girshick, 2002); second, this reinforces portrayals of women as passive, disempowered, and vulnerable, ever the prospective targets of (masculine) power (Stemple, 2009).…”

Section: Gendered Assumptions and The Reduction Of Violence Against Wmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sexual Scripts and Criminal Statutes: Gender Restrictions, Spousal Allowances, and Victim Accountability After Rape Law Reform

Levine

2017

Violence Against Women

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The author provides a mixed-methods assessment of U.S. rape statutes to assess progress in reform. Contemporary statutes offer restrictive frameworks for distinguishing criminal from noncriminal sexual violence, many of which are grounded in gendered and heterosexist assumptions. Fourteen states retain gender restrictions in rape statutes. Twenty maintain marital distinctions that limit accountability for spousal rape. Furthermore, whereas explicit resistance requirements have been eliminated nationwide, implicit resistance expectations manifest through emphasis on physical force and involuntary intoxication. Analyses conclude with recommendations for further legal reform and a discussion of the potential for legislation to affect broader social perceptions of rape.

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“…Socialist feminists view gender and class as compounding factors contributing to male violence (Bailey, 1999; Escholtz and Vieraitis, 2004; Whaley, 2001). In a city-level study of rape, Martin et al .…”

Section: Intimate Partner Violencementioning

confidence: 99%

Intimate Partner Violence in the United States: An Ecological Approach to Prevention and Treatment

Shobe¹,

Dienemann

2008

Social Policy & Society

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Physical, sexual, verbal and economic abuse, also known as Intimate Partner Violence (IPV), comprise a major public health problem. IPV risk factors include poverty, stress, substance use, depression, and history of child maltreatment. Protective factors include human capital (functional health and work competencies/qualifications), social capital (formal/informal relationships and resources) and financial capital (income and assets). Traditional IPV initiatives focus on increasing social capital by changing the cognition and/or behaviour of victims or perpetrators and increasing legal sanctions and supportive resources. The proposed Asset Model of IPV Resolution extends the current model to include an ecological approach to the prevention and resolution of IPV. In addition to human and social capital development, the authors suggest financial capital development through Individual Development Accounts (IDAs) as one social policy initiative to supportwomen at risk of or women who experience IPV. ), 'The promise of equality: gender equity, reproductive health and the millennium development goals', Press Summary, at: globalpolicy@globalpolicy.org Goodman, L., Dutton, M. A., Vankos, N. and Weinfurt, K. (2005), 'Women's resources and use of strategies as risk and protective factors for reabuse over time', Violence Against Women, 11, 3, 311-336.

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Race-Specific Gender Equality and Rape: A Further Test of Feminist Hypotheses

Cited by 25 publications

References 37 publications

Violence Against Women in U.S. Metropolitan Areas: Changes in Women's Status and Risk, 1980–2004*

Violence Against Women in U.S. Metropolitan Areas: Changes in Women's Status and Risk, 1980–2004*

Sexual Scripts and Criminal Statutes: Gender Restrictions, Spousal Allowances, and Victim Accountability After Rape Law Reform

Intimate Partner Violence in the United States: An Ecological Approach to Prevention and Treatment

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