Racemization-free and scalable amidation of l-proline in organic media using ammonia and a biocatalyst only

Abstract

Efficient amide formation is of high importance for the chemical and pharmaceutical industry. The direct biocatalytic one-pot transformation of acids into amides without substrate activation is a highly desirable but...

Biocatalytic amide bond formation

“…51 In another recent effort, reaction and enzyme engineering of CAL-B allowed the direct amidation of unprotected l -proline with ammonia. 52 Amidation of unprotected amino acids is an otherwise highly challenging reaction for lipases.…”

A Sustainable Green Enzymatic Method for Amide Bond Formation

“…In particular, Candida antarctica lipase B (CALB; Novozyme 435) prefers anhydrous conditions and it has been widely applied in esterification and hydrolysis studies [41][42][43][44][45][46]. CALB could also catalyze amidation reactions [47][48][49][50][51][52] when the amine is used as a nucleophile in anhydrous organic media. In these reactions, amine amidation with a free carboxylic acid takes place, resulting in the amide product.…”