Racial and ethnic disparities in cervical cancer incidence rates in the United States, 1992−2003

McDougall, Jean A.; Madeleine, Margaret M.; Daling, Janet R.; Li, Christopher I.

doi:10.1007/s10552-007-9056-y

Cited by 92 publications

(93 citation statements)

References 33 publications

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“…44,45 We confirmed that black women had higher proportions of invasive cervical carcinoma diagnosed at later stages than other women, as in previous studies, suggesting that cervical cancer is not being detected and treated as early in this group as in other racial/ethnic groups. 5,6 Also, the finding that black and Hispanic women had higher rates of unstaged cervical cancers may confirm previous reports, which also indicated that black and Hispanic women were more likely to receive less aggressive treatment or no treatment compared with white women. 46,47 Cancers may be clinically unstaged for many reasons: death of the patient before staging, refusal of diagnostic or treatment procedures, or less aggressive workup because of advanced age or comorbid conditions.…”

Section: -25supporting

confidence: 85%

“…5,6,22 Although the findings of previous analyses produced similar results, for the current report, we used standardized criteria and methodology that were established for this supplement of Cancer expressly for surveillance purposesto characterize the prevaccine burden of all HPV- Table 1). …”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 93%

“…Black and Hispanic women have higher rates of cervical cancer incidence and mortality than other groups; in the US, it is the sixth most common cancer among black and Hispanic women and 13th most common among white women. 2,[5][6][7] Incidence and mortality rates of cervical cancer also vary geographically, with higher rates reported in the South, Appalachia, and areas bordering Mexico. 5,8 It has been established that human papillomavirus (HPV) is a necessary cause of cervical cancer.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Burden of cervical cancer in the United States, 1998-2003

Watson

Saraiya

Benard

et al. 2008

Cancer

239

175

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Section: -25supporting

confidence: 85%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 93%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Burden of cervical cancer in the United States, 1998-2003

Watson

Saraiya

Benard

et al. 2008

Cancer

239

175

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“…Previous studies addressing the risk of cervical cancer among immigrants compared to women born in the host countries have forwarded socioeconomic position and/or participation in cervical screening as possible explanations of increased risks of cervical cancer among immigrant women. 21,32,33 Because of social disparities, immigrant women may participate in screening less than women born in the host countries. A Swedish study 20 evaluated determinants of attendance in the organized cervical screening program in the Stockholm region and found no differences in participation in cervical screening between Swedish-born and immigrant women.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cervical screening participation and risk among Swedish‐born and immigrant women in Sweden

Azerkan

Sparén

Sandin

et al. 2011

Intl Journal of Cancer

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Cervical cancer is one of the most common cancers among women worldwide, although cervical screening has reduced the incidence in many high-income countries. Low screening uptake among immigrant women may reflect differences in risk of cervical cancer. We investigated the degree of participation in cervical screening among immigrant and Swedish-born women and their concurrent risk of cervical cancer based on individual information on Pap smears taken both from organized and opportunistic screening. Mean degree of participation in cervical screening was estimated for women between 23 and 60 years from 1993 to 2005, stratified by birth region and age at migration. In Poisson regression models, we estimated relative risks (RRs), incidence rates and incidence rate ratios of cervical cancer for women adhering or not to the cervical screening program. We also assessed effect of adherence to screening on the risk of cervical cancer among immigrant groups compared to Swedish-born women. The degree of participation was 62% and 49% among Swedish-born and immigrant women, respectively, with large variations between immigrant groups. Participation was lowest among those immigrating at older ages. Swedish-born and immigrant women who where nonadherent to the cervical screening program had a fivefold excess risk of cervical cancer compared to adherent women. After adjustment for screening adherence, excess RRs of cervical cancer were statistically significant only for women from Norway and the Baltic States. Participation to screening is lower among immigrant than Swedish-born women, and adherence to the recommended screening intervals strongly prevents cervical cancer.Cervical cancer is the third most common cancer among women worldwide and about 88% of cases occur in low-or medium-income countries. 1 In high-income countries, the incidence is generally significantly lower because of the availability of cervical screening. Cervical screening was introduced without formal evidence of efficacy from randomized trials, but over time observational studies have provided convincing evidence that a large proportion of cervical cancer can be prevented. [2][3][4][5][6] Despite this, disparities in participation in screening within populations may still be an important factor for the incidence of cervical cancer in these communities. A growing body of evidence indicates that immigrants generally have lower rates of attendance to cancer screening 7-16 and especially so among women aged 50-69 years. 17 In the United States, it was estimated that at least 50% of women who received cervical cancer diagnoses have never been screened for cervical cancer. 18,19 Considerable differences in risk of cervical cancer may reflect inequities in cervical screening uptake among immigrant women. However, most studies conducted so far have data about Pap smear testing only from organized programs, 7 or from opportunistic screening, 20 or questionnaires/in-depth interviews/chart reviews. [8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16] The main reasons for differences...

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“…[14][15][16] The NBCCEDP has been able to reach populations (eg, African Americans, Hispanics, and American Indians/Alaska Natives) whose rates of screening fall far below national averages. A variety of successful recruitment strategies has made inroads in educating women about the importance of screening, explaining the services available, removing barriers to screening, and motivating women to complete screening exams as part of their routine healthcare.…”

Section: The National Breast and Cervical Cancer Early Detection Progmentioning

confidence: 99%