Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Malignant Melanoma: A Literature Review

Abstract

Melanoma is a tumor arising from uncontrolled proliferation of melanocytes, neural crest derived cells responsible for production of pigment in the basal layer of the epidermis. While the prevalence of melanoma is greatest in fair-skinned populations, racial and ethnic minority populations disproportionately experience lower rates of survival when diagnosed with melanoma. Recent studies indicate that, among minority populations, melanoma tends to present at a more advanced stage with more aggressive melanoma subtypes, increased and atypical distributions over the body, and increased tumor depths. Populations of color are also shown to carry unique mutations in BRCA genes that may predispose them to developing melanoma and account for increased mortality rates. Socioeconomic status has also been linked to melanoma disparities, where limited access to quality healthcare including skin exams, insurance, and education may result in decreased melanoma survival rates. The aim of this article is to review the relationship between melanoma and underserved communities as well as discuss the current explanations behind these observations.