Racial differences in espundia

Walton, Bryce C.; Valverde, Luís Amela

doi:10.1080/00034983.1979.11687222

Cited by 68 publications

(21 citation statements)

References 3 publications

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“…Subclinical or asymptomatic infection, manifest as cutaneous delayed type hypersensitivity (DTH) to Leishmania antigen, occurs with variable frequency in different epidemiological settings [6–8]. Exuberant DTH responses have long been noted in chronic disease, whether mucosal or cutaneous [9, 10, 11], and the inflammatory response has been clinically [12] and experimentally linked with activation of subclinical infection and pathogenesis [13,14]. Although the host response to infection is known to be a primary determinant of the outcome of infection, the immunological mechanisms that are conducive to non-healing dermal disease versus asymptomatic infection in the human host have yet to be deciphered.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In vitro and in situ analyses of cytokine responses during active human dermal Leishmaniasis including localized disease caused by L. mexicana have revealed diverse profiles of both Th1 and Th2 cytokines, however no clear or consistent bias towards one or the other [19, 20–22]. Marked cutaneous hypersensitivity generally characterizes mucosal disease [10, 11] and has been linked with a poorly regulated Th1- like proinflammatory response, yet occurs in the presence of Th2 cytokines [23]. Differentiation of the T cell response and its impact on pathogenesis or protection from disease in human dermal leishmaniasis caused by Leishmania of the Viannia subgenus, or indeed any species of Leishmania , has not been discernable based on cytokine production alone.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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T‐bet, GATA‐3, and Foxp3 Expression and Th1/Th2 Cytokine Production in the Clinical Outcome of Human Infection withLeishmania (Viannia)Species

et al. 2010

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Background T cell differentiation determines susceptibility and resistance to experimental cutaneous leishmaniasis, yet mixed T1/Th2 responses characterize the clinical spectrum of human infection with Leishmania Viannia species. Materials and Methods To discern the inter-relationship of T cell differentiation and outcome of human infection, we examined factors that regulate T cell differentiation and Th1/Th2 cytokine responses in asymptomatic infection, active and historical chronic and recurrent cutaneous leishmaniasis. T-bet, GATA-3, Foxp3 and cytokine gene expression were quantified by real time PCR, and correlated with IL-2, IFN-γ, TNF-α, IL-4, IL-13, IL-10 secretion during in vitro response to live L. panamensis. Results Higher GATA-3 than T-bet expression occurred throughout the 15 days of co-culture with promastigotes, however neither transcription nor secretion of IL-4 was detected. Sustained, inverse correlation between GATA-3 expression and secretion of proinflammatory cytokines IFN-γ and TNF-α was observed in asymptomatic infection. In contrast, higher T-bet expression and T-bet:GATA-3 ratio characterized active recurrent disease. Down-regulation of T-bet and GATA-3 expression and increased IL-2 secretion compared to control was directly correlated with Foxp3 expression and IL-13 secretion in chronic disease. Conclusions Regulation of the inflammatory response rather than biased Th1/Th2 response distinguished asymptomatic and recalcitrant outcomes of infection with Leishmnania Viannia species.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

T‐bet, GATA‐3, and Foxp3 Expression and Th1/Th2 Cytokine Production in the Clinical Outcome of Human Infection withLeishmania (Viannia)Species

et al. 2010

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“…Although it is generally accepted that pathogenicity and virulence must be understood in terms of the interaction between the individual genotypes of the microorganism and its host, dissecting out the relative contributions has been difficult, especially in outbred host populations, such as humans (8,24). In the case of leishmaniasis, this problem has been addressed with a reasonable degree of success by using inbred strains of mice in which the various disease phenotypes resemble the spectrum of clinical manifestations in humans.…”

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confidence: 99%

The Site ofLeishmania majorInfection Determines Disease Severity andImmuneResponses

et al. 2003

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Inbred strains of mice infected with Leishmania major have been classified as genetically resistant or susceptible on the basis of their ability to cure their lesions, the parasite burden in the draining lymph nodes, and their type of T helper cell immune responses to the parasite. Using the intradermal infection at the base of the tail and the ear pinna, we compared for the first time the above-mentioned parameters in six strains of mice infected with metacyclic promastigotes, and we show that the severity of disease depends greatly on the site of infection. Although the well-documented pattern of disease susceptibility of BALB/c and C57BL/6 mice described for the footpad and base-of-the-tail models of leishmaniasis were confirmed, C3H/HeN and DBA/2 mice, which are intermediate and susceptible, respectively, in the tail and other models, were resistant to ear infection. Moreover, in the CBA/H, C3H/HeN, C57BL/6J, and DBA/2 mouse strains, there was little correlation between the pattern of cytokines produced and the disease phenotype observed at the ear and tail sites. We conclude that the definition of susceptibility and the immune mechanisms leading to susceptibility or resistance to infection may differ substantially depending on the route of infection.

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“…24 He was also one of the first researchers to draw attention to a link between the severity of leishmanial infections and genetic differences of human populations. 25 Throughout his professional life he was interested in all aspects of leishmaniasis, especially in the New World, and was responsible for stimulating research on the disease within both military units and public health organizations, such as the World Health Organization and the Pan-American Health Organization, serving as a consultant to both.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Characterization of Leishmania (Leishmania) waltoni n.sp. (Kinetoplastida: Trypanosomatidae), the Parasite Responsible for Diffuse Cutaneous Leishmaniasis in the Dominican Republic

Shaw¹,

Pratlong²,

Flöeter-Winter³

et al. 2015

The American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene

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Abstract. Leishmania parasites isolated, between 1979 and 1988 by the late Bryce Walton, from Dominican Republic (DR) patients with diffuse cutaneous leishmaniasis, were characterized using a panel of 12 isoenzymes, 23 monoclonal antibodies, small subunit ribosomal DNA (SSu rDNA), and multilocus sequence analysis (MLSA). The isoenzyme and monoclonal antibody profiles and the MLSA results showed that the Dominican Republic parasites were distinct from other described Leishmania species. This new species belongs to the mexicana complex, which is distributed in central and parts of northern South America. It is suggested that the parasites uniqueness from other members of the mexicana complex is related to it being isolated on an island for millions of years. If Leishmania (Leishmania) waltoni fails to adapt to some imported mammal, such as the house rat, it will be the only Leishmania to be classified as an endangered species. The excessive destruction of habitats on Hispaniola threatens the survival of its vectors and presumed natural reservoirs, such as the rodent hutias and the small insectivorous mammal solenodon. The concept of Leishmania species is discussed in the light of recent evaluations on criteria for defining bacterial species.

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Racial differences in espundia

Cited by 68 publications

References 3 publications

T‐bet, GATA‐3, and Foxp3 Expression and Th1/Th2 Cytokine Production in the Clinical Outcome of Human Infection withLeishmania (Viannia)Species

T‐bet, GATA‐3, and Foxp3 Expression and Th1/Th2 Cytokine Production in the Clinical Outcome of Human Infection withLeishmania (Viannia)Species

The Site ofLeishmania majorInfection Determines Disease Severity andImmuneResponses

Characterization of Leishmania (Leishmania) waltoni n.sp. (Kinetoplastida: Trypanosomatidae), the Parasite Responsible for Diffuse Cutaneous Leishmaniasis in the Dominican Republic

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